Manpages - sshd.8
(OpenSSH Daemon) is the daemon program for
It provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network.
listens for connections from clients. It is normally started at boot from
It forks a new daemon for each incoming connection. The forked daemons handle key exchange, encryption, authentication, command execution, and data exchange.
can be configured using command-line options or a configuration file (by default
command-line options override values specified in the configuration file.
rereads its configuration file when it receives a hangup signal,
by executing itself with the name and options it was started with, e.g.
The options are as follows:
Forces
to use IPv4 addresses only.
Forces
to use IPv6 addresses only.
Specify the connection parameters to use for the
extended test mode. If provided, any
directives in the configuration file that would apply are applied before the configuration is written to standard output. The connection parameters are supplied as keyword=value pairs and may be supplied in any order, either with multiple
options or as a comma-separated list. The keywords are
and
and correspond to source address, user, resolved source host name, local address, local port number and routing domain respectively.
Specifies a path to a certificate file to identify
during key exchange. The certificate file must match a host key file specified using the
option or the
configuration directive.
When this option is specified,
will not detach and does not become a daemon. This allows easy monitoring of
Debug mode. The server sends verbose debug output to standard error, and does not put itself in the background. The server also will not
and will only process one connection. This option is only intended for debugging for the server. Multiple
options increase the debugging level. Maximum is 3.
Append debug logs to
instead of the system log.
Write debug logs to standard error instead of the system log.
Specifies the name of the configuration file. The default is
refuses to start if there is no configuration file.
Gives the grace time for clients to authenticate themselves (default 120 seconds). If the client fails to authenticate the user within this many seconds, the server disconnects and exits. A value of zero indicates no limit.
Specifies a file from which a host key is read. This option must be given if
is not run as root (as the normal host key files are normally not readable by anyone but root). The default is
and
It is possible to have multiple host key files for the different host key algorithms.
Specifies that
is being run from
Can be used to give options in the format used in the configuration file. This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate command-line flag. For full details of the options, and their values, see
Specifies the port on which the server listens for connections (default 22). Multiple port options are permitted. Ports specified in the configuration file with the
option are ignored when a command-line port is specified. Ports specified using the
option override command-line ports.
Quiet mode. Nothing is sent to the system log. Normally the beginning, authentication, and termination of each connection is logged.
Extended test mode. Check the validity of the configuration file, output the effective configuration to stdout and then exit. Optionally,
rules may be applied by specifying the connection parameters using one or more
options.
Test mode. Only check the validity of the configuration file and sanity of the keys. This is useful for updating
reliably as configuration options may change.
This option is used to specify the size of the field in the
structure that holds the remote host name. If the resolved host name is longer than
the dotted decimal value will be used instead. This allows hosts with very long host names that overflow this field to still be uniquely identified. Specifying
indicates that only dotted decimal addresses should be put into the
file.
may also be used to prevent
from making DNS requests unless the authentication mechanism or configuration requires it. Authentication mechanisms that may require DNS include
and using a
option in a key file. Configuration options that require DNS include using a USER@HOST pattern in
or
The OpenSSH SSH daemon supports SSH protocol 2 only. Each host has a host-specific key, used to identify the host. Whenever a client connects, the daemon responds with its public host key. The client compares the host key against its own database to verify that it has not changed. Forward secrecy is provided through a Diffie-Hellman key agreement. This key agreement results in a shared session key. The rest of the session is encrypted using a symmetric cipher. The client selects the encryption algorithm to use from those offered by the server. Additionally, session integrity is provided through a cryptographic message authentication code (MAC).
Finally, the server and the client enter an authentication dialog. The client tries to authenticate itself using host-based authentication, public key authentication, challenge-response authentication, or password authentication.
Regardless of the authentication type, the account is checked to ensure that it is accessible. An account is not accessible if it is locked, listed in
or its group is listed in
. The definition of a locked account is system dependent. Some platforms have their own account database (eg AIX) and some modify the passwd field (
on Solaris and UnixWare,
on HP-UX, containing
on Tru64, a leading
on FreeBSD and a leading
on most Linuxes). If there is a requirement to disable password authentication for the account while allowing still public-key, then the passwd field should be set to something other than these values (eg
or
).
If the client successfully authenticates itself, a dialog for preparing the session is entered. At this time the client may request things like allocating a pseudo-tty, forwarding X11 connections, forwarding TCP connections, or forwarding the authentication agent connection over the secure channel.
After this, the client either requests an interactive shell or execution or a non-interactive command, which
will execute via the user’s shell using its
option. The sides then enter session mode. In this mode, either side may send data at any time, and such data is forwarded to/from the shell or command on the server side, and the user terminal in the client side.
When the user program terminates and all forwarded X11 and other connections have been closed, the server sends command exit status to the client, and both sides exit.
When a user successfully logs in,
does the following:
If the login is on a tty, and no command has been specified, prints last login time and
(unless prevented in the configuration file or by
see the
section).
If the login is on a tty, records login time.
Checks
if it exists, prints contents and quits (unless root).
Changes to run with normal user privileges.
Sets up basic environment.
Reads the file
if it exists, and users are allowed to change their environment. See the
option in
Changes to user’s home directory.
If
exists and the
option is set, runs it; else if
exists, runs it; otherwise runs
The
files are given the X11 authentication protocol and cookie in standard input. See
below.
Runs user’s shell or command. All commands are run under the user’s login shell as specified in the system password database.
If the file
exists,
runs it after reading the environment files but before starting the user’s shell or command. It must not produce any output on stdout; stderr must be used instead. If X11 forwarding is in use, it will receive the “proto cookie” pair in its standard input (and
in its environment). The script must call
because
will not run xauth automatically to add X11 cookies.
The primary purpose of this file is to run any initialization routines which may be needed before the user’s home directory becomes accessible; AFS is a particular example of such an environment.
This file will probably contain some initialization code followed by something similar to:
if read proto cookie && [ -n “$DISPLAY” ]; then if [ `echo $DISPLAY | cut -c1-10` = ’localhost:’ ]; then # X11UseLocalhost=yes echo add unix:`echo $DISPLAY | cut -c11-` $proto $cookie else # X11UseLocalhost=no echo add $DISPLAY $proto $cookie fi | xauth -q - fi
If this file does not exist,
is run, and if that does not exist either, xauth is used to add the cookie.
specifies the files containing public keys for public key authentication; if this option is not specified, the default is
and
Each line of the file contains one key (empty lines and lines starting with a
are ignored as comments). Public keys consist of the following space-separated fields: options, keytype, base64-encoded key, comment. The options field is optional. The supported key types are:
sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com
ecdsa-sha2-nistp256
ecdsa-sha2-nistp384
ecdsa-sha2-nistp521
sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com
ssh-ed25519
ssh-dss
ssh-rsa
The comment field is not used for anything (but may be convenient for the user to identify the key).
Note that lines in this file can be several hundred bytes long (because of the size of the public key encoding) up to a limit of 8 kilobytes, which permits RSA keys up to 16 kilobits. You don’t want to type them in; instead, copy the
or the
file and edit it.
enforces a minimum RSA key modulus size of 1024 bits.
The options (if present) consist of comma-separated option specifications. No spaces are permitted, except within double quotes. The following option specifications are supported (note that option keywords are case-insensitive):
Enable authentication agent forwarding previously disabled by the
option.
Specifies that the listed key is a certification authority (CA) that is trusted to validate signed certificates for user authentication.
Certificates may encode access restrictions similar to these key options. If both certificate restrictions and key options are present, the most restrictive union of the two is applied.
Specifies that the command is executed whenever this key is used for authentication. The command supplied by the user (if any) is ignored. The command is run on a pty if the client requests a pty; otherwise it is run without a tty. If an 8-bit clean channel is required, one must not request a pty or should specify
A quote may be included in the command by quoting it with a backslash.
This option might be useful to restrict certain public keys to perform just a specific operation. An example might be a key that permits remote backups but nothing else. Note that the client may specify TCP and/or X11 forwarding unless they are explicitly prohibited, e.g. using the
key option.
The command originally supplied by the client is available in the
environment variable. Note that this option applies to shell, command or subsystem execution. Also note that this command may be superseded by a
directive.
If a command is specified and a forced-command is embedded in a certificate used for authentication, then the certificate will be accepted only if the two commands are identical.
Specifies that the string is to be added to the environment when logging in using this key. Environment variables set this way override other default environment values. Multiple options of this type are permitted. Environment processing is disabled by default and is controlled via the
option.
Specifies a time after which the key will not be accepted. The time may be specified as a YYYYMMDD date or a YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS] time in the system time-zone.
Specifies that in addition to public key authentication, either the canonical name of the remote host or its IP address must be present in the comma-separated list of patterns. See PATTERNS in
for more information on patterns.
In addition to the wildcard matching that may be applied to hostnames or addresses, a
stanza may match IP addresses using CIDR address/masklen notation.
The purpose of this option is to optionally increase security: public key authentication by itself does not trust the network or name servers or anything (but the key); however, if somebody somehow steals the key, the key permits an intruder to log in from anywhere in the world. This additional option makes using a stolen key more difficult (name servers and/or routers would have to be compromised in addition to just the key).
Forbids authentication agent forwarding when this key is used for authentication.
Forbids TCP forwarding when this key is used for authentication. Any port forward requests by the client will return an error. This might be used, e.g. in connection with the
option.
Prevents tty allocation (a request to allocate a pty will fail).
Disables execution of
Forbids X11 forwarding when this key is used for authentication. Any X11 forward requests by the client will return an error.
Limit remote port forwarding with the
option such that it may only listen on the specified host (optional) and port. IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets. Multiple
options may be applied separated by commas. Hostnames may include wildcards as described in the PATTERNS section in
A port specification of
matches any port. Note that the setting of
may further restrict listen addresses. Note that
will send a hostname of
if a listen host was not specified when the forwarding was requested, and that this name is treated differently to the explicit localhost addresses
and
Limit local port forwarding with the
option such that it may only connect to the specified host and port. IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets. Multiple
options may be applied separated by commas. No pattern matching or name lookup is performed on the specified hostnames, they must be literal host names and/or addresses. A port specification of
matches any port.
Enable port forwarding previously disabled by the
option.
On a
line, specifies allowed principals for certificate authentication as a comma-separated list. At least one name from the list must appear in the certificate’s list of principals for the certificate to be accepted. This option is ignored for keys that are not marked as trusted certificate signers using the
option.
Permits tty allocation previously disabled by the
option.
Do not require demonstration of user presence for signatures made using this key. This option only makes sense for the FIDO authenticator algorithms
and
Require that signatures made using this key attest that they verified the user, e.g. via a PIN. This option only makes sense for the FIDO authenticator algorithms
and
Enable all restrictions, i.e. disable port, agent and X11 forwarding, as well as disabling PTY allocation and execution of
If any future restriction capabilities are added to authorized_keys files they will be included in this set.
Force a
device on the server. Without this option, the next available device will be used if the client requests a tunnel.
Enables execution of
previously disabled by the
option.
Permits X11 forwarding previously disabled by the
option.
An example authorized_keys file:
Plain key, no restrictions ssh-rsa … # Forced command, disable PTY and all forwarding restrict,command=“dump /home” ssh-rsa … # Restriction of ssh -L forwarding destinations permitopen=“192.0.2.1:80”,permitopen=“192.0.2.2:25” ssh-rsa … # Restriction of ssh -R forwarding listeners permitlisten=“localhost:8080”,permitlisten=“[::1]:22000” ssh-rsa … # Configuration for tunnel forwarding tunnel=“0”,command=“sh /etc/netstart tun0” ssh-rsa … # Override of restriction to allow PTY allocation restrict,pty,command=“nethack” ssh-rsa … # Allow FIDO key without requiring touch no-touch-required sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com …
verify-required sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com … # Trust CA key, allow touch-less FIDO if requested in certificate cert-authority,no-touch-required,principals=“user_a” ssh-rsa …
The
and
files contain host public keys for all known hosts. The global file should be prepared by the administrator (optional), and the per-user file is maintained automatically: whenever the user connects to an unknown host, its key is added to the per-user file.
Each line in these files contains the following fields: marker (optional), hostnames, keytype, base64-encoded key, comment. The fields are separated by spaces.
The marker is optional, but if it is present then it must be one of
to indicate that the line contains a certification authority (CA) key, or
to indicate that the key contained on the line is revoked and must not ever be accepted. Only one marker should be used on a key line.
Hostnames is a comma-separated list of patterns
and
act as wildcards); each pattern in turn is matched against the host name. When
is authenticating a client, such as when using
this will be the canonical client host name. When
is authenticating a server, this will be the host name given by the user, the value of the
if it was specified, or the canonical server hostname if the
option was used.
A pattern may also be preceded by
to indicate negation: if the host name matches a negated pattern, it is not accepted (by that line) even if it matched another pattern on the line. A hostname or address may optionally be enclosed within
and
brackets then followed by
and a non-standard port number.
Alternately, hostnames may be stored in a hashed form which hides host names and addresses should the file’s contents be disclosed. Hashed hostnames start with a
character. Only one hashed hostname may appear on a single line and none of the above negation or wildcard operators may be applied.
The keytype and base64-encoded key are taken directly from the host key; they can be obtained, for example, from
The optional comment field continues to the end of the line, and is not used.
Lines starting with
and empty lines are ignored as comments.
When performing host authentication, authentication is accepted if any matching line has the proper key; either one that matches exactly or, if the server has presented a certificate for authentication, the key of the certification authority that signed the certificate. For a key to be trusted as a certification authority, it must use the
marker described above.
The known hosts file also provides a facility to mark keys as revoked, for example when it is known that the associated private key has been stolen. Revoked keys are specified by including the
marker at the beginning of the key line, and are never accepted for authentication or as certification authorities, but instead will produce a warning from
when they are encountered.
It is permissible (but not recommended) to have several lines or different host keys for the same names. This will inevitably happen when short forms of host names from different domains are put in the file. It is possible that the files contain conflicting information; authentication is accepted if valid information can be found from either file.
Note that the lines in these files are typically hundreds of characters long, and you definitely don’t want to type in the host keys by hand. Rather, generate them by a script,
or by taking, for example,
and adding the host names at the front.
also offers some basic automated editing for
including removing hosts matching a host name and converting all host names to their hashed representations.
An example ssh_known_hosts file:
159…93 closenet.example.net cvs.example.net,192.0.2.10 ssh-rsa AAAA1234…..= # A hashed hostname
| 1 | JfKTdBh7rNbXkVAQCRp4OQoPfmI= | USECr3SWf1JUPsms5AqfD5QfxkM= ssh-rsa |
AAAA1234…..= # A revoked key @revoked * ssh-rsa AAAAB5W… # A CA key, accepted for any host in .mydomain.com or *.mydomain.org @cert-authority *.mydomain.org,.mydomain.com ssh-rsa AAAAB5W…
This file is used to suppress printing the last login time and
if
and
respectively, are enabled. It does not suppress printing of the banner specified by
This file is used for host-based authentication (see
for more information). On some machines this file may need to be world-readable if the user’s home directory is on an NFS partition, because
reads it as root. Additionally, this file must be owned by the user, and must not have write permissions for anyone else. The recommended permission for most machines is read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.
This file is used in exactly the same way as
but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with rlogin/rsh.
This directory is the default location for all user-specific configuration and authentication information. There is no general requirement to keep the entire contents of this directory secret, but the recommended permissions are read/write/execute for the user, and not accessible by others.
Lists the public keys (DSA, ECDSA, Ed25519, RSA) that can be used for logging in as this user. The format of this file is described above. The content of the file is not highly sensitive, but the recommended permissions are read/write for the user, and not accessible by others.
If this file, the
directory, or the user’s home directory are writable by other users, then the file could be modified or replaced by unauthorized users. In this case,
will not allow it to be used unless the
option has been set to
This file is read into the environment at login (if it exists). It can only contain empty lines, comment lines (that start with
and assignment lines of the form name=value. The file should be writable only by the user; it need not be readable by anyone else. Environment processing is disabled by default and is controlled via the
option.
Contains a list of host keys for all hosts the user has logged into that are not already in the systemwide list of known host keys. The format of this file is described above. This file should be writable only by root/the owner and can, but need not be, world-readable.
Contains initialization routines to be run before the user’s home directory becomes accessible. This file should be writable only by the user, and need not be readable by anyone else.
This file is for host-based authentication (see
It should only be writable by root.
Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for the “Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange” key exchange method. The file format is described in
If no usable groups are found in this file then fixed internal groups will be used.
See
If this file exists,
refuses to let anyone except root log in. The contents of the file are displayed to anyone trying to log in, and non-root connections are refused. The file should be world-readable.
This file is used in exactly the same way as
but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with rlogin/rsh.
These files contain the private parts of the host keys. These files should only be owned by root, readable only by root, and not accessible to others. Note that
does not start if these files are group/world-accessible.
These files contain the public parts of the host keys. These files should be world-readable but writable only by root. Their contents should match the respective private parts. These files are not really used for anything; they are provided for the convenience of the user so their contents can be copied to known hosts files. These files are created using
Systemwide list of known host keys. This file should be prepared by the system administrator to contain the public host keys of all machines in the organization. The format of this file is described above. This file should be writable only by root/the owner and should be world-readable.
Contains configuration data for
The file format and configuration options are described in
Similar to
it can be used to specify machine-specific login-time initializations globally. This file should be writable only by root, and should be world-readable.
directory used by
during privilege separation in the pre-authentication phase. The directory should not contain any files and must be owned by root and not group or world-writable.
Contains the process ID of the
listening for connections (if there are several daemons running concurrently for different ports, this contains the process ID of the one started last). The content of this file is not sensitive; it can be world-readable.
OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen. Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo de Raadt and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added newer features and created OpenSSH. Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0. Niels Provos and Markus Friedl contributed support for privilege separation.