Manpages - re.3perl

When use re taint is in effect, and a tainted string is the target of a regexp, the regexp memories (or values returned by the m// operator in list context) are tainted. This feature is useful when regexp operations on tainted data aren’t meant to extract safe substrings, but to perform other transformations.

When use re eval is in effect, a regexp is allowed to contain (?{ ... }) zero-width assertions and (??{ ... }) postponed subexpressions that are derived from variable interpolation, rather than appearing literally within the regexp. That is normally disallowed, since it is a potential security risk. Note that this pragma is ignored when the regular expression is obtained from tainted data, i.e. evaluation is always disallowed with tainted regular expressions. See (?{ code }) in perlre and (??{ code }) in perlre.

For the purpose of this pragma, interpolation of precompiled regular expressions (i.e., the result of qr//) is not considered variable interpolation. Thus:

foo${pat}bar

is allowed if $pat is a precompiled regular expression, even if $pat contains (?{ ... }) assertions or (??{ ... }) subexpressions.

Note that this is an experimental feature which may be changed or removed in a future Perl release.

When use re strict is in effect, stricter checks are applied than otherwise when compiling regular expressions patterns. These may cause more warnings to be raised than otherwise, and more things to be fatal instead of just warnings. The purpose of this is to find and report at compile time some things, which may be legal, but have a reasonable possibility of not being the programmer’s actual intent. This automatically turns on the "regexp" warnings category (if not already on) within its scope.

As an example of something that is caught under "strict, but not otherwise, is the pattern

qr/\xABC/

The "\x" construct without curly braces should be followed by exactly two hex digits; this one is followed by three. This currently evaluates as equivalent to

qr/\x{AB}C/

that is, the character whose code point value is 0xAB, followed by the letter C. But since C is a hex digit, there is a reasonable chance that the intent was

qr/\x{ABC}/

that is the single character at 0xABC. Under strict it is an error to not follow \x with exactly two hex digits. When not under strict a warning is generated if there is only one hex digit, and no warning is raised if there are more than two.

It is expected that what exactly strict does will evolve over time as we gain experience with it. This means that programs that compile under it in today’s Perl may not compile, or may have more or fewer warnings, in future Perls. There is no backwards compatibility promises with regards to it. Also there are already proposals for an alternate syntax for enabling it. For these reasons, using it will raise a experimental::re_strict class warning, unless that category is turned off.

Note that if a pattern compiled within strict is recompiled, say by interpolating into another pattern, outside of strict, it is not checked again for strictness. This is because if it works under strict it must work under non-strict.

When use re /=/=flags=/ is specified, the given /flags/ are automatically added to every regular expression till the end of the lexical scope. /flags/ can be any combination of =a, aa, d, i, l, m, n, p, s, u, x, and/or xx.

=no re /=flags will turn off the effect of =use re /=flags for the given flags.

For example, if you want all your regular expressions to have /msxx on by default, simply put

use re /msxx;

at the top of your code.

The character set /adul flags cancel each other out. So, in this example,

use re “u“; ”ss“ =~ /\xdf; use re ”d“; ”ss“ =~ /\xdf;

the second use re does an implicit no re /u.

Similarly,

use re “/xx”; # Doubled-x … use re “/x”; # Single x from here on …

Turning on one of the character set flags with use re takes precedence over the locale pragma and the ’unicode_strings’ feature, for regular expressions. Turning off one of these flags when it is active reverts to the behaviour specified by whatever other pragmata are in scope. For example:

use feature “unicode_strings”; no re “/u”; # does nothing use re “/l”; no re “/l”; # reverts to unicode_strings behaviour

When use re debug is in effect, perl emits debugging messages when compiling and using regular expressions. The output is the same as that obtained by running a -DDEBUGGING-enabled perl interpreter with the -Dr switch. It may be quite voluminous depending on the complexity of the match. Using debugcolor instead of debug enables a form of output that can be used to get a colorful display on terminals that understand termcap color sequences. Set $ENV{PERL_RE_TC} to a comma-separated list of termcap properties to use for highlighting strings on/off, pre-point part on/off. See Debugging Regular Expressions in perldebug for additional info.

As of 5.9.5 the directive use re debug and its equivalents are lexically scoped, as the other directives are. However they have both compile-time and run-time effects.

See Pragmatic Modules in perlmodlib.

Similarly use re Debug produces debugging output, the difference being that it allows the fine tuning of what debugging output will be emitted. Options are divided into three groups, those related to compilation, those related to execution and those related to special purposes. The options are as follows:

Compile related options

COMPILE

Turns on all non-extra compile related debug options.

PARSE

Turns on debug output related to the process of parsing the pattern.

OPTIMISE

Enables output related to the optimisation phase of compilation.

TRIEC

Detailed info about trie compilation.

DUMP

Dump the final program out after it is compiled and optimised.

FLAGS

Dump the flags associated with the program

TEST

Print output intended for testing the internals of the compile process

Execute related options

EXECUTE

Turns on all non-extra execute related debug options.

MATCH

Turns on debugging of the main matching loop.

TRIEE

Extra debugging of how tries execute.

INTUIT

Enable debugging of start-point optimisations.

Extra debugging options

EXTRA

Turns on all extra debugging options.

BUFFERS

Enable debugging the capture group storage during match. Warning, this can potentially produce extremely large output.

TRIEM

Enable enhanced TRIE debugging. Enhances both TRIEE and TRIEC.

STATE

Enable debugging of states in the engine.

STACK

Enable debugging of the recursion stack in the engine. Enabling or disabling this option automatically does the same for debugging states as well. This output from this can be quite large.

GPOS

Enable debugging of the \G modifier.

OPTIMISEM

Enable enhanced optimisation debugging and start-point optimisations. Probably not useful except when debugging the regexp engine itself.

OFFSETS

Dump offset information. This can be used to see how regops correlate to the pattern. Output format is NODENUM:POSITION[LENGTH] Where 1 is the position of the first char in the string. Note that position can be 0, or larger than the actual length of the pattern, likewise length can be zero.

OFFSETSDBG

Enable debugging of offsets information. This emits copious amounts of trace information and doesn’t mesh well with other debug options. Almost definitely only useful to people hacking on the offsets part of the debug engine.

DUMP_PRE_OPTIMIZE

Enable the dumping of the compiled pattern before the optimization phase.

WILDCARD

When Perl encounters a wildcard subpattern, (see Wildcards in Property Values in perlunicode), it suspends compilation of the main pattern, compiles the subpattern, and then matches that against all legal possibilities to determine the actual code points the subpattern matches. After that it adds these to the main pattern, and continues its compilation. You may very well want to see how your subpattern gets compiled, but it is likely of less use to you to see how Perl matches that against all the legal possibilities, as that is under control of Perl, not you. Therefore, the debugging information of the compilation portion is as specified by the other options, but the debugging output of the matching portion is normally suppressed. You can use the WILDCARD option to enable the debugging output of this subpattern matching. Careful! This can lead to voluminous outputs, and it may not make much sense to you what and why Perl is doing what it is. But it may be helpful to you to see why things aren’t going the way you expect. Note that this option alone doesn’t cause any debugging information to be output. What it does is stop the normal suppression of execution-related debugging information during the matching portion of the compilation of wildcards. You also have to specify which execution debugging information you want, such as by also including the EXECUTE option.

Other useful flags

These are useful shortcuts to save on the typing.

ALL

Enable all options at once except OFFSETS, OFFSETSDBG, BUFFERS, WILDCARD, and DUMP_PRE_OPTIMIZE. (To get every single option without exception, use both ALL and EXTRA, or starting in 5.30 on a -DDEBUGGING-enabled perl interpreter, use the -Drv command-line switches.)

All

Enable DUMP and all non-extra execute options. Equivalent to: use re debug;

MORE

More

Enable the options enabled by All, plus STATE, TRIEC, and TRIEM.

As of 5.9.5 the directive use re debug and its equivalents are lexically scoped, as are the other directives. However they have both compile-time and run-time effects.

As of perl 5.9.5 ’re’ debug contains a number of utility functions that may be optionally exported into the caller’s namespace. They are listed below.

is_regexp($ref)

Returns true if the argument is a compiled regular expression as returned by qr//, false if it is not. This function will not be confused by overloading or blessing. In internals terms, this extracts the regexp pointer out of the PERL_MAGIC_qr structure so it cannot be fooled.

regexp_pattern($ref)

If the argument is a compiled regular expression as returned by qr//, then this function returns the pattern. In list context it returns a two element list, the first element containing the pattern and the second containing the modifiers used when the pattern was compiled. my ($pat, $mods) = regexp_pattern($ref); In scalar context it returns the same as perl would when stringifying a raw qr// with the same pattern inside. If the argument is not a compiled reference then this routine returns false but defined in scalar context, and the empty list in list context. Thus the following if (regexp_pattern($ref) eq (?^i:foo)) will be warning free regardless of what $ref actually is. Like is_regexp this function will not be confused by overloading or blessing of the object.

regname($name,$all)

Returns the contents of a named buffer of the last successful match. If $all is true, then returns an array ref containing one entry per buffer, otherwise returns the first defined buffer.

regnames($all)

Returns a list of all of the named buffers defined in the last successful match. If $all is true, then it returns all names defined, if not it returns only names which were involved in the match.

regnames_count()

Returns the number of distinct names defined in the pattern used for the last successful match. Note: this result is always the actual number of distinct named buffers defined, it may not actually match that which is returned by regnames() and related routines when those routines have not been called with the $all parameter set.

regmust($ref)

If the argument is a compiled regular expression as returned by qr//, then this function returns what the optimiser considers to be the longest anchored fixed string and longest floating fixed string in the pattern. A fixed string is defined as being a substring that must appear for the pattern to match. An anchored fixed string is a fixed string that must appear at a particular offset from the beginning of the match. A floating fixed string is defined as a fixed string that can appear at any point in a range of positions relative to the start of the match. For example, my $qr = qr/here .* there/x; my ($anchored, $floating) = regmust($qr); print “anchored:$anchored\nfloating:$floating\n”; results in anchored:here floating:there Because the here is before the .* in the pattern, its position can be determined exactly. That’s not true, however, for the there; it could appear at any point after where the anchored string appeared. Perl uses both for its optimisations, preferring the longer, or, if they are equal, the floating. NOTE: This may not necessarily be the definitive longest anchored and floating string. This will be what the optimiser of the Perl that you are using thinks is the longest. If you believe that the result is wrong please report it via the perlbug utility.

optimization($ref)

If the argument is a compiled regular expression as returned by qr//, then this function returns a hashref of the optimization information discovered at compile time, so we can write tests around it. If any other argument is given, returns undef. The hash contents are expected to change from time to time as we develop new ways to optimize - no assumption of stability should be made, not even between minor versions of perl. For the current version, the hash will have the following contents:

minlen

An integer, the least number of characters in any string that can match.

minlenret

An integer, the least number of characters that can be in $& after a match. (Consider eg = ns(?=\d) =.)

gofs

An integer, the number of characters before pos() to start match at.

noscan

A boolean, TRUE to indicate that any anchored/floating substrings found should not be used. (CHECKME: apparently this is set for an anchored pattern with no floating substring, but never used.)

isall

A boolean, TRUE to indicate that the optimizer information is all that the regular expression contains, and thus one does not need to enter the regexp runtime engine at all.

anchor SBOL

A boolean, TRUE if the pattern is anchored to start of string.

anchor MBOL

A boolean, TRUE if the pattern is anchored to any start of line within the string.

anchor GPOS

A boolean, TRUE if the pattern is anchored to the end of the previous match.

skip

A boolean, TRUE if the start class can match only the first of a run.

implicit

A boolean, TRUE if a /.*/ has been turned implicitly into a /^.*/.

anchored/floating

A byte string representing an anchored or floating substring respectively that any match must contain, or undef if no such substring was found, or if the substring would require utf8 to represent.

anchored utf8/floating utf8

A utf8 string representing an anchored or floating substring respectively that any match must contain, or undef if no such substring was found, or if the substring contains only 7-bit ASCII characters.

anchored min offset/floating min offset

An integer, the first offset in characters from a match location at which we should look for the corresponding substring.

anchored max offset/floating max offset

An integer, the last offset in characters from a match location at which we should look for the corresponding substring. Ignored for anchored, so may be 0 or same as min.

anchored end shift/floating end shift

FIXME: not sure what this is, something to do with lookbehind. regcomp.c says: When the final pattern is compiled and the data is moved from the scan_data_t structure into the regexp structure the information about lookbehind is factored in, with the information that would have been lost precalculated in the end_shift field for the associated string.

checking

A constant string, one of anchored, floating or none to indicate which substring (if any) should be checked for first.

stclass

A string representation of a character class (start class) that must be the first character of any match. TODO: explain the representations.