Man1 - systemd-analyze.1

This command prints the time spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the time spent in the initial RAM disk (initrd) before normal system userspace has been reached, and the time normal system userspace took to initialize. Note that these measurements simply measure the time passed up to the point where all system services have been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully finished initialization or the disk is idle.

Example 1. Show how long the boot took

    # in a container
    $ systemd-analyze time
    Startup finished in 296ms (userspace)
    multi-user.target reached after 275ms in userspace

    # on a real machine
    $ systemd-analyze time
    Startup finished in 2.584s (kernel) + 19.176s (initrd) + 47.847s (userspace) = 1min 9.608s
    multi-user.target reached after 47.820s in userspace

This command prints a list of all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize. This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of one service might be slow simply because it waits for the initialization of another service to complete. Also note: systemd-analyze blame doesnt display results for services with Type=simple, because systemd considers such services to be started immediately, hence no measurement of the initialization delays can be done. Also note that this command only shows the time units took for starting up, it does not show how long unit jobs spent in the execution queue. In particular it shows the time units spent in “activating” state, which is not defined for units such as device units that transition directly from “inactive” to “active”. This command hence gives an impression of the performance of program code, but cannot accurately reflect latency introduced by waiting for hardware and similar events.

Example 2. Show which units took the most time during boot

    $ systemd-analyze blame
             32.875s pmlogger.service
             20.905s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service
             13.299s dev-vda1.device
             ...
                23ms sysroot.mount
                11ms initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service
                 3ms sys-kernel-config.mount
            

This command prints a tree of the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified /UNIT/s or for the default target otherwise). The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the “@” character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after the “+” character. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of services might depend on socket activation and because of the parallel execution of units. Also, similar to the blame command, this only takes into account the time units spent in “activating” state, and hence does not cover units that never went through an “activating” state (such as device units that transition directly from “inactive” to “active”). Moreover it does not show information on jobs (and in particular not jobs that timed out).

Example 3. systemd-analyze critical-chain

    $ systemd-analyze critical-chain
    multi-user.target @47.820s
    └─pmie.service @35.968s +548ms
      └─pmcd.service @33.715s +2.247s
        └─network-online.target @33.712s
          └─systemd-networkd-wait-online.service @12.804s +20.905s
            └─systemd-networkd.service @11.109s +1.690s
              └─systemd-udevd.service @9.201s +1.904s
                └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @7.306s +1.776s
                  └─kmod-static-nodes.service @6.976s +177ms
                    └─systemd-journald.socket
                      └─system.slice
                        └─-.slice

This command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable serialization of the complete server state. Its format is subject to change without notice and should not be parsed by applications.

Example 4. Show the internal state of user manager

    $ systemd-analyze --user dump
    Timestamp userspace: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    Timestamp finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    Timestamp generators-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    Timestamp generators-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    Timestamp units-load-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    Timestamp units-load-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
    -> Unit proc-timer_list.mount:
            Description: /proc/timer_list
            ...
    -> Unit default.target:
            Description: Main user target
    ...

This command prints an SVG graphic detailing which system services have been started at what time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization.

Example 5. Plot a bootchart

    $ systemd-analyze plot >bootup.svg
    $ eog bootup.svg&

This command generates textual dependency graph description in dot format for further processing with the GraphViz dot*(1) tool. Use a command line like *systemd-analyze dot | dot -Tsvg >systemd.svg to generate a graphical dependency tree. Unless –order or –require is passed, the generated graph will show both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern globbing style specifications (e.g. *.target) may be given at the end. A unit dependency is included in the graph if any of these patterns match either the origin or destination node.

Example 6. Plot all dependencies of any unit whose name starts with “avahi-daemon”

    $ systemd-analyze dot avahi-daemon.* | dot -Tsvg >avahi.svg
    $ eog avahi.svg

Example 7. Plot the dependencies between all known target units

    $ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern=*.target --from-pattern=*.target \
          | dot -Tsvg >targets.svg
    $ eog targets.svg

This command outputs a list of all directories from which unit files, .d overrides, and .wants, .requires symlinks may be loaded. Combine with –user to retrieve the list for the user manager instance, and –global for the global configuration of user manager instances.

Example 8. Show all paths for generated units

    $ systemd-analyze unit-paths | grep ^/run
    /run/systemd/system.control
    /run/systemd/transient
    /run/systemd/generator.early
    /run/systemd/system
    /run/systemd/system.attached
    /run/systemd/generator
    /run/systemd/generator.late

Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into systemd-analyze itself, and does not communicate with the running manager. Use

    systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value

to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories omitted.

This command prints a list of exit statuses along with their “class”, i.e. the source of the definition (one of “glibc”, “systemd”, “LSB”, or “BSD”), see the Process Exit Codes section in *systemd.exec*(5). If no additional arguments are specified, all known statuses are shown. Otherwise, only the definitions for the specified codes are shown.

Example 9. Show some example exit status names

    $ systemd-analyze exit-status 0 1 {63..65}
    NAME    STATUS CLASS
    SUCCESS 0      glibc
    FAILURE 1      glibc
    -       63     -
    USAGE   64     BSD
    DATAERR 65     BSD

This command prints a list of Linux capabilities along with their numeric IDs. See *capabilities*(7) for details. If no argument is specified the full list of capabilities known to the service manager and the kernel is shown. Capabilities defined by the kernel but not known to the service manager are shown as “cap_???”. Optionally, if arguments are specified they may refer to specific cabilities by name or numeric ID, in which case only the indicated capabilities are shown in the table.

Example 10. Show some example capability names

    $ systemd-analyze capability 0 1 {30..32}
    NAME              NUMBER
    cap_chown              0
    cap_dac_override       1
    cap_audit_control     30
    cap_setfcap           31
    cap_mac_override      32

This command will evaluate Condition*=… and Assert*=… assignments, and print their values, and the resulting value of the combined condition set. See *systemd.unit*(5) for a list of available conditions and asserts.

Example 11. Evaluate conditions that check kernel versions

    $ systemd-analyze condition ConditionKernelVersion = ! <4.0 \
            ConditionKernelVersion = >=5.1 \
            ConditionACPower=|false \
            ConditionArchitecture=|!arm \
            AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release
    test.service: AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release succeeded.
    Asserts succeeded.
    test.service: ConditionArchitecture=|!arm succeeded.
    test.service: ConditionACPower=|false failed.
    test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=>=5.1 succeeded.
    test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=!<4.0 succeeded.
    Conditions succeeded.

This command will list system calls contained in the specified system call set SET, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument SET must include the “@” prefix.

This command will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time events, and will calculate when they elapse next. This takes the same input as the OnCalendar= setting in systemd.timer*(5), following the syntax described in *systemd.time*(7). By default, only the next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown; use *–iterations= to show the specified number of next times the expression elapses. Each time the expression elapses forms a timestamp, see the timestamp verb below.

Example 12. Show leap days in the near future

    $ systemd-analyze calendar --iterations=5 *-2-29 0:0:0
      Original form: *-2-29 0:0:0
    Normalized form: *-02-29 00:00:00
        Next elapse: Sat 2020-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
           From now: 11 months 15 days left
           Iter. #2: Thu 2024-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
           From now: 4 years 11 months left
           Iter. #3: Tue 2028-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
           From now: 8 years 11 months left
           Iter. #4: Sun 2032-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
           From now: 12 years 11 months left
           Iter. #5: Fri 2036-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
           From now: 16 years 11 months left

This command parses a timestamp (i.e. a single point in time) and outputs the normalized form and the difference between this timestamp and now. The timestamp should adhere to the syntax documented in *systemd.time*(7), section “PARSING TIMESTAMPS”.

Example 13. Show parsing of timestamps

    $ systemd-analyze timestamp yesterday now tomorrow
      Original form: yesterday
    Normalized form: Mon 2019-05-20 00:00:00 CEST
           (in UTC): Sun 2019-05-19 22:00:00 UTC
       UNIX seconds: @15583032000
           From now: 1 day 9h ago

      Original form: now
    Normalized form: Tue 2019-05-21 09:48:39 CEST
           (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 07:48:39 UTC
       UNIX seconds: @1558424919.659757
           From now: 43us ago

      Original form: tomorrow
    Normalized form: Wed 2019-05-22 00:00:00 CEST
           (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 22:00:00 UTC
       UNIX seconds: @15584760000
           From now: 14h left

This command parses a time span (i.e. a difference between two timestamps) and outputs the normalized form and the equivalent value in microseconds. The time span should adhere to the syntax documented in *systemd.time*(7), section “PARSING TIME SPANS”. Values without units are parsed as seconds.

Example 14. Show parsing of timespans

    $ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s 1year 0.000001s
    Original: 1s
          μs: 1000000
       Human: 1s

    Original: 300s
          μs: 300000000
       Human: 5min

    Original: 1year 0.000001s
          μs: 31557600000001
       Human: 1y 1us

This command is similar to systemctl cat, but operates on config files. It will copy the contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard output, using the usual systemd set of directories and rules for precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path including the prefix (such as /etc/systemd/logind.conf or /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf), or a name relative to the prefix (such as systemd/logind.conf).

Example 15. Showing logind configuration

    $ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf
    # /etc/systemd/logind.conf
    ...
    [Login]
    NAutoVTs=8
    ...

    # /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d/20-test.conf
    ... some override from another package

    # /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf
    ... some administrator override
            

This command will load unit files and print warnings if any errors are detected. Files specified on the command line will be loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. The full unit search path is formed by combining the directories for all command line arguments, and the usual unit load paths. The variable $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH is supported, and may be used to replace or augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see *systemd.unit*(5). All units files present in the directories containing the command line arguments will be used in preference to the other paths.

The following errors are currently detected:

·

unknown sections and directives,

·

missing dependencies which are required to start the given unit,

·

man pages listed in Documentation= which are not found in the system,

·

commands listed in ExecStart= and similar which are not found in the system or not executable.

Example 16. Misspelt directives

    $ cat ./user.slice
    [Unit]
    WhatIsThis=11
    Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1)
    Requires=different.service

    [Service]
    Description=x

    $ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice
    [./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue WhatIsThis in section Unit
    [./user.slice:13] Unknown section Service. Ignoring.
    Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed:
       Unit different.service failed to load:
       No such file or directory.
    Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument
    user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16
            

Example 17. Missing service units

    $ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket
    ==> ./a.socket <==
    [Socket]
    ListenStream=100

    ==> ./b.socket <==
    [Socket]
    ListenStream=100
    Accept=yes

    $ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket
    Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started.
    Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started.
            

This command analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more specified service units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the specified service units are inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is specified, all currently loaded, long-running service units are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command checks for various security-related service settings, assigning each a numeric “exposure level” value, depending on how important a setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which is an estimation in the range 0.0…10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure levels indicate very little applied sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate tight sandboxing and strongest security restrictions. Note that this only analyzes the per-service security features systemd itself implements. This means that any additional security mechanisms applied by the service code itself are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way should not be misunderstood: a high exposure level neither means that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the service code itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels do indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied to them.

Please note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be circumvented — unless combined with others. For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or undo mount points many of the sandboxing options can be undone by the service code itself. Due to that is essential that each service uses the most comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings possible. The tool will take into account some of these combinations and relationships between the settings, but not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing settings analyzed here only apply to the operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to an IPC system (such as D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to the same restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC access policy is not validated too.

Example 18. Analyze systemd-logind.service

    $ systemd-analyze security --no-pager systemd-logind.service
      NAME                DESCRIPTION                              EXPOSURE
    ✗ PrivateNetwork=     Service has access to the hosts network      0.5
    ✗ User=/DynamicUser=  Service runs as root user                     0.4
    ✗ DeviceAllow=        Service has no device ACL                     0.2
    ✓ IPAddressDeny=      Service blocks all IP address ranges
    ...
    → Overall exposure level for systemd-logind.service: 4.1 OK 🙂