Manpages - perl5200delta.1perl

Declarative syntax to unwrap argument list into lexical variables. sub foo ($a,$b) {...} checks the number of arguments and puts the arguments into lexical variables. Signatures are not equivalent to the existing idiom of sub foo { my($a,$b) = @_; ... }. Signatures are only available by enabling a non-default feature, and generate warnings about being experimental. The syntactic clash with prototypes is managed by disabling the short prototype syntax when signatures are enabled.

See Signatures in perlsub for details.

When declaring or defining a sub, the prototype can now be specified inside of a prototype attribute instead of in parens following the name.

For example, sub foo($$){} could be rewritten as sub foo : prototype($$){}.

Multiple semicolons in subroutine prototypes have long been tolerated and treated as a single semicolon. There was one case where this did not happen. A subroutine whose prototype begins with * or ;* can affect whether a bareword is considered a method name or sub call. This now applies also to ;;;*.

Whitespace has long been allowed inside subroutine prototypes, so sub( $ $ ) is equivalent to sub($$), but until now it was stripped when the subroutine was parsed. Hence, whitespace was not allowed in prototypes set by Scalar::Util::set_prototype. Now it is permitted, and the parser no longer strips whitespace. This means prototype &mysub returns the original prototype, whitespace and all.

Previously perl would use a platform specific random number generator, varying between the libc rand(), random() or drand48().

This meant that the quality of perl’s random numbers would vary from platform to platform, from the 15 bits of rand() on Windows to 48-bits on POSIX platforms such as Linux with drand48().

Perl now uses its own internal drand48() implementation on all platforms. This does not make perl’s rand cryptographically secure. [perl #115928]

The new %hash{...} and %array[...] syntax returns a list of key/value (or index/value) pairs. See Key/Value Hash Slices in perldata.

When the postderef feature is in effect, the following syntactical equivalencies are set up:

$sref->$*; # same as ${ $sref } # interpolates $aref->@*; # same as @{ $aref } # interpolates $href->%*; # same as %{ $href } $cref->&*; # same as &{ $cref } $gref->**; # same as { $gref } \(aref->\)#; # same as $#{ $aref } $gref->*{ $slot }; # same as *{ $gref }{ $slot } $aref->@[ … ]; # same as @$aref[ … ] # interpolates $href->@{ … }; # same as @$href{ … } # interpolates $aref->%[ … ]; # same as %$aref[ … ] $href->%{ … }; # same as %$href{ … }

Those marked as interpolating only interpolate if the associated postderef_qq feature is also enabled. This feature is experimental and will trigger experimental::postderef-category warnings when used, unless they are suppressed.

For more information, consult the Postfix Dereference Syntax section of perlref.

Perl now supports and is shipped with Unicode 6.3 (though Perl may be recompiled with any previous Unicode release as well). A detailed list of Unicode 6.3 changes is at http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.3.0/.

This is a synonym for \p{Any} and matches the set of Unicode-defined code points 0 - 0x10FFFF.

On 64-bit platforms, the internal array functions now use 64-bit offsets, allowing Perl arrays to hold more than 2**31 elements, if you have the memory available.

The regular expression engine now supports strings longer than 2**31 characters. [perl #112790, #116907]

The functions PerlIO_get_bufsiz, PerlIO_get_cnt, PerlIO_set_cnt and PerlIO_set_ptrcnt now have SSize_t, rather than int, return values and parameters.

Until this release, only single-byte locales, such as the ISO 8859 series were supported. Now, the increasingly common multi-byte UTF-8 locales are also supported. A UTF-8 locale is one in which the character set is Unicode and the encoding is UTF-8. The POSIX LC_CTYPE category operations (case changing (like lc(), "\U"), and character classification (\w, \D, qr/[[:punct:]]/)) under such a locale work just as if not under locale, but instead as if under use feature unicode_strings, except taint rules are followed. Sorting remains by code point order in this release. [perl #56820].

Previously doing this caused the program to not compile. Within its scope the program behaves as if in the C locale. Thus programs written for platforms that support locales can run on locale-less platforms without change. Attempts to change the locale away from the C locale will, of course, fail.

If there was an error with locales during Perl start-up, it immediately gave up and tried to use the "C" locale. Now it first tries using other locales given by the environment variables, as detailed in ENVIRONMENT in perllocale. For example, if LC_ALL and LANG are both set, and using the LC_ALL locale fails, Perl will now try the LANG locale, and only if that fails, will it fall back to "C". On Windows machines, Perl will try, ahead of using "C", the system default locale if all the locales given by environment variables fail.

This is designed for Perl core developers to aid in field debugging bugs regarding locales.

Previously -F without -a was a no-op, and -a without -n or -p was a no-op, with this change, if you supply -F then both -a and -n are implied and if you supply -a then -n is implied.

You can still use -p for its extra behaviour. [perl #116190]

The special variables $a and $b, used in sort, are now exempt from used once warnings, even where sort is not used. This makes it easier for CPAN modules to provide functions using $a and $b for similar purposes. [perl #120462]

It was possible that *free()*d memory could be read during parsing in the unusual circumstance of the Perl program ending with a heredoc and the last line of the file on disk having no terminating newline character. This has now been fixed.

The do SUBROUTINE(LIST) form has resulted in a deprecation warning since Perl v5.0.0, and is now a syntax error.

The character after \c in a double-quoted string (… or qq(…)) or regular expression must now be a printable character and may not be {.

A literal { after \B or \b is now fatal.

These were deprecated in perl v5.14.0.

documentation This affects regular expression matching and changing the case of a string (lc, "\U", etc.) within the scope of use locale. The result is now tainted based on the operation, no matter what the contents of the string were, as the documentation (perlsec, SECURITY in perllocale) indicates it should. Previously, for the case change operation, if the string contained no characters whose case change could be affected by the locale, the result would not be tainted. For example, the result of uc() on an empty string or one containing only above-Latin1 code points is now tainted, and wasn’t before. This leads to more consistent tainting results. Regular expression patterns taint their non-binary results (like $&, $2) if and only if the pattern contains elements whose matching depends on the current (potentially tainted) locale. Like the case changing functions, the actual contents of the string being matched now do not matter, whereas formerly it did. For example, if the pattern contains a \w, the results will be tainted even if the match did not have to use that portion of the pattern to succeed or fail, because what a \w matches depends on locale. However, for example, a . in a pattern will not enable tainting, because the dot matches any single character, and what the current locale is doesn’t change in any way what matches and what doesn’t.

\p{} and \P{} are defined by Unicode only on Unicode-defined code points (U+0000 through U+10FFFF). Their behavior on matching these legal Unicode code points is unchanged, but there are changes for code points 0x110000 and above. Previously, Perl treated the result of matching \p{} and \P{} against these as undef, which translates into false. For \P{}, this was then complemented into true. A warning was supposed to be raised when this happened. However, various optimizations could prevent the warning, and the results were often counter-intuitive, with both a match and its seeming complement being false. Now all non-Unicode code points are treated as typical unassigned Unicode code points. This generally is more Do-What-I-Mean. A warning is raised only if the results are arguably different from a strict Unicode approach, and from what Perl used to do. Code that needs to be strictly Unicode compliant can make this warning fatal, and then Perl always raises the warning.

Details are in Beyond Unicode code points in perlunicode.

The Perl-defined regular expression pattern element \p{All}, unused on CPAN, used to match just the Unicode code points; now it matches all possible code points; that is, it is equivalent to qr/./s. Thus \p{All} is no longer synonymous with \p{Any}, which continues to match just the Unicode code points, as Unicode says it should.

Depending on the data structures dumped and the settings set for Data::Dumper, the dumped output may have changed from previous versions.

If you have tests that depend on the exact output of Data::Dumper, they may fail.

To avoid this problem in your code, test against the data structure from evaluating the dumped structure, instead of the dump itself.

locale“ scope This is actually a bug fix, but some code has come to rely on the bug being present, so this change is listed here. The current locale that the program is running under is not supposed to be visible to Perl code except within the scope of a use locale. However, until now under certain circumstances, the character used for a decimal point (often a comma) leaked outside the scope. If your code is affected by this change, simply add a use locale.

values over WSAGetLastError() values In previous versions of Perl, Windows sockets error codes as returned by WSAGetLastError() were assigned to $!, and some constants such as ECONNABORTED, not in errno.h in VC++ (or the various Windows ports of gcc) were defined to corresponding WSAE* values to allow $! to be tested against the E* constants exported by Errno and POSIX.

This worked well until VC++ 2010 and later, which introduced new E* constants with values > 100 into errno.h, including some being (re)defined by perl to WSAE* values. That caused problems when linking XS code against other libraries which used the original definitions of errno.h constants.

To avoid this incompatibility, perl now maps WSAE* error codes to E* values where possible, and assigns those values to $!. The E* constants exported by Errno and POSIX are updated to match so that testing $! against them, wherever previously possible, will continue to work as expected, and all E* constants found in errno.h are now exported from those modules with their original errno.h values.

In order to avoid breakage in existing Perl code which assigns WSAE* values to $!, perl now intercepts the assignment and performs the same mapping to E* values as it uses internally when assigning to $! itself.

However, one backwards-incompatibility remains: existing Perl code which compares $! against the numeric values of the WSAE* error codes that were previously assigned to $! will now be broken in those cases where a corresponding E* value has been assigned instead. This is only an issue for those E* values < 100, which were always exported from Errno and POSIX with their original errno.h values, and therefore could not be used for WSAE* error code tests (e.g. WSAEINVAL is 10022, but the corresponding EINVAL is 22). (E* values > 100, if present, were redefined to WSAE* values anyway, so compatibility can be achieved by using the E* constants, which will work both before and after this change, albeit using different numeric values under the hood.)

These two functions, undocumented, unused in CPAN, and problematic, have been removed.

The /\C/ regular expression character class is deprecated. From perl 5.22 onwards it will generate a warning, and from perl 5.24 onwards it will be a regular expression compiler error. If you need to examine the individual bytes that make up a UTF8-encoded character, then use utf8::encode() on the string (or a copy) first.

This deprecation affects things like $\cT, where \cT is a literal control (such as a NAK or NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE character) in the source code. Surprisingly, it appears that originally this was intended as the canonical way of accessing variables like $^T, with the caret form only being added as an alternative.

The literal control form is being deprecated for two main reasons. It has what are likely unfixable bugs, such as $\cI not working as an alias for $^I, and their usage not being portable to non-ASCII platforms: While $^T will work everywhere, \cT is whitespace in EBCDIC. [perl #119123]

Setting $/ to a reference to zero or a reference to a negative integer is now deprecated, and will behave exactly as though it was set to undef. If you want slurp behavior set $/ to undef explicitly.

Setting $/ to a reference to a non integer is now forbidden and will throw an error. Perl has never documented what would happen in this context and while it used to behave the same as setting $/ to the address of the references in future it may behave differently, so we have forbidden this usage.

Use of any of these functions in the POSIX module is now deprecated: isalnum, isalpha, iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper, and isxdigit. The functions are buggy and don’t work on UTF-8 encoded strings. See their entries in POSIX for more information.

A warning is raised on the first call to any of them from each place in the code that they are called. (Hence a repeated statement in a loop will raise just the one warning.)

The interpreter-based threads provided by Perl are not the fast, lightweight system for multitasking that one might expect or hope for. Threads are implemented in a way that make them easy to misuse. Few people know how to use them correctly or will be able to provide help.

The use of interpreter-based threads in perl is officially discouraged.

The following modules will be removed from the core distribution in a future release, and will at that time need to be installed from CPAN. Distributions on CPAN which require these modules will need to list them as prerequisites.

The core versions of these modules will now issue "deprecated"-category warnings to alert you to this fact. To silence these deprecation warnings, install the modules in question from CPAN.

Note that the planned removal of these modules from core does not reflect a judgement about the quality of the code and should not be taken as a suggestion that their use be halted. Their disinclusion from core primarily hinges on their necessity to bootstrapping a fully functional, CPAN-capable Perl installation, not on concerns over their design.

CGI and its associated CGI:: packages

inc::latest

Package::Constants

Module::Build and its associated Module::Build:: packages

The following utilities will be removed from the core distribution in a future release, and will at that time need to be installed from CPAN.

find2perl

s2p

a2p

• experimental 0.007 has been added to the Perl core.
• IO::Socket::IP 0.29 has been added to the Perl core.

• Archive::Tar has been upgraded from version 1.90 to 1.96.
• arybase has been upgraded from version 0.06 to 0.07.
• Attribute::Handlers has been upgraded from version 0.94 to 0.96.
• attributes has been upgraded from version 0.21 to 0.22.
• autodie has been upgraded from version 2.13 to 2.23.
• AutoLoader has been upgraded from version 5.73 to 5.74.
• autouse has been upgraded from version 1.07 to 1.08.
• B has been upgraded from version 1.42 to 1.48.
• B::Concise has been upgraded from version 0.95 to 0.992.
• B::Debug has been upgraded from version 1.18 to 1.19.
• B::Deparse has been upgraded from version 1.20 to 1.26.
• base has been upgraded from version 2.18 to 2.22.
• Benchmark has been upgraded from version 1.15 to 1.18.
• bignum has been upgraded from version 0.33 to 0.37.
• Carp has been upgraded from version 1.29 to 1.3301.
• CGI has been upgraded from version 3.63 to 3.65. NOTE: CGI is deprecated and may be removed from a future version of Perl.
• charnames has been upgraded from version 1.36 to 1.40.
• Class::Struct has been upgraded from version 0.64 to 0.65.
• Compress::Raw::Bzip2 has been upgraded from version 2.060 to 2.064.
• Compress::Raw::Zlib has been upgraded from version 2.060 to 2.065.
• Config::Perl::V has been upgraded from version 0.17 to 0.20.
• constant has been upgraded from version 1.27 to 1.31.
• CPAN has been upgraded from version 2.00 to 2.05.
• CPAN::Meta has been upgraded from version 2.120921 to 2.140640.
• CPAN::Meta::Requirements has been upgraded from version 2.122 to 2.125.
• CPAN::Meta::YAML has been upgraded from version 0.008 to 0.012.
• Data::Dumper has been upgraded from version 2.145 to 2.151.
• DB has been upgraded from version 1.04 to 1.07.
• DB_File has been upgraded from version 1.827 to 1.831.
• DBM_Filter has been upgraded from version 0.05 to 0.06.
• deprecate has been upgraded from version 0.02 to 0.03.
• Devel::Peek has been upgraded from version 1.11 to 1.16.
• Devel::PPPort has been upgraded from version 3.20 to 3.21.
• diagnostics has been upgraded from version 1.31 to 1.34.
• Digest::MD5 has been upgraded from version 2.52 to 2.53.
• Digest::SHA has been upgraded from version 5.84 to 5.88.
• DynaLoader has been upgraded from version 1.18 to 1.25.
• Encode has been upgraded from version 2.49 to 2.60.
• encoding has been upgraded from version 2.6_01 to 2.12.
• English has been upgraded from version 1.06 to 1.09. $OLD_PERL_VERSION was added as an alias of $].
• Errno has been upgraded from version 1.18 to 1.20_03.
• Exporter has been upgraded from version 5.68 to 5.70.
• ExtUtils::CBuilder has been upgraded from version 0.280210 to 0.280216.
• ExtUtils::Command has been upgraded from version 1.17 to 1.18.
• ExtUtils::Embed has been upgraded from version 1.30 to 1.32.
• ExtUtils::Install has been upgraded from version 1.59 to 1.67.
• ExtUtils::MakeMaker has been upgraded from version 6.66 to 6.98.
• ExtUtils::Miniperl has been upgraded from version to 1.01.
• ExtUtils::ParseXS has been upgraded from version 3.18 to 3.24.
• ExtUtils::Typemaps has been upgraded from version 3.19 to 3.24.
• ExtUtils::XSSymSet has been upgraded from version 1.2 to 1.3.
• feature has been upgraded from version 1.32 to 1.36.
• fields has been upgraded from version 2.16 to 2.17.
• :Basename has been upgraded from version 2.84 to 2.85.
• :Copy has been upgraded from version 2.26 to 2.29.
• :DosGlob has been upgraded from version 1.10 to 1.12.
• :Fetch has been upgraded from version 0.38 to 0.48.
• :Find has been upgraded from version 1.23 to 1.27.
• :Glob has been upgraded from version 1.20 to 1.23.
• :Spec has been upgraded from version 3.40 to 3.47.
• :Temp has been upgraded from version 0.23 to 0.2304.
• FileCache has been upgraded from version 1.08 to 1.09.
• Filter::Simple has been upgraded from version 0.89 to 0.91.
• Filter::Util::Call has been upgraded from version 1.45 to 1.49.
• Getopt::Long has been upgraded from version 2.39 to 2.42.
• Getopt::Std has been upgraded from version 1.07 to 1.10.
• Hash::Util::FieldHash has been upgraded from version 1.10 to 1.15.
• :Tiny has been upgraded from version 0.025 to 0.043.
• I18N::Langinfo has been upgraded from version 0.10 to 0.11.
• I18N::LangTags has been upgraded from version 0.39 to 0.40.
• if has been upgraded from version 0.0602 to 0.0603.
• inc::latest has been upgraded from version 0.4003 to 0.4205. NOTE: inc::latest is deprecated and may be removed from a future version of Perl.
• integer has been upgraded from version 1.00 to 1.01.
• IO has been upgraded from version 1.28 to 1.31.
• IO::Compress::Gzip and friends have been upgraded from version 2.060 to 2.064.
• IPC::Cmd has been upgraded from version 0.80 to 0.92.
• IPC::Open3 has been upgraded from version 1.13 to 1.16.
• IPC::SysV has been upgraded from version 2.03 to 2.04.
• JSON::PP has been upgraded from version 2.27202 to 2.27203.
• List::Util has been upgraded from version 1.27 to 1.38.
• locale has been upgraded from version 1.02 to 1.03.
• Locale::Codes has been upgraded from version 3.25 to 3.30.
• Locale::Maketext has been upgraded from version 1.23 to 1.25.
• Math::BigInt has been upgraded from version 1.9991 to 1.9993.
• Math::BigInt::FastCalc has been upgraded from version 0.30 to 0.31.
• Math::BigRat has been upgraded from version 0.2604 to 0.2606.
• MIME::Base64 has been upgraded from version 3.13 to 3.14.
• Module::Build has been upgraded from version 0.4003 to 0.4205. NOTE: Module::Build is deprecated and may be removed from a future version of Perl.
• Module::CoreList has been upgraded from version 2.89 to 3.10.
• Module::Load has been upgraded from version 0.24 to 0.32.
• Module::Load::Conditional has been upgraded from version 0.54 to 0.62.
• Module::Metadata has been upgraded from version 1.000011 to 1.000019.
• mro has been upgraded from version 1.11 to 1.16.
• Net::Ping has been upgraded from version 2.41 to 2.43.
• Opcode has been upgraded from version 1.25 to 1.27.
• Package::Constants has been upgraded from version 0.02 to 0.04. NOTE: Package::Constants is deprecated and may be removed from a future version of Perl.
• Params::Check has been upgraded from version 0.36 to 0.38.
• parent has been upgraded from version 0.225 to 0.228.
• Parse::CPAN::Meta has been upgraded from version 1.4404 to 1.4414.
• Perl::OSType has been upgraded from version 1.003 to 1.007.
• perlfaq has been upgraded from version 5.0150042 to 5.0150044.
• PerlIO has been upgraded from version 1.07 to 1.09.
• PerlIO::encoding has been upgraded from version 0.16 to 0.18.
• PerlIO::scalar has been upgraded from version 0.16 to 0.18.
• PerlIO::via has been upgraded from version 0.12 to 0.14.
• Pod::Escapes has been upgraded from version 1.04 to 1.06.
• Pod::Functions has been upgraded from version 1.06 to 1.08.
• Pod::Html has been upgraded from version 1.18 to 1.21.
• Pod::Parser has been upgraded from version 1.60 to 1.62.
• Pod::Perldoc has been upgraded from version 3.19 to 3.23.
• Pod::Usage has been upgraded from version 1.61 to 1.63.
• POSIX has been upgraded from version 1.32 to 1.38_03.
• re has been upgraded from version 0.23 to 0.26.
• Safe has been upgraded from version 2.35 to 2.37.
• Scalar::Util has been upgraded from version 1.27 to 1.38.
• SDBM_File has been upgraded from version 1.09 to 1.11.
• Socket has been upgraded from version 2.009 to 2.013.
• Storable has been upgraded from version 2.41 to 2.49.
• strict has been upgraded from version 1.07 to 1.08.
• subs has been upgraded from version 1.01 to 1.02.
• Sys::Hostname has been upgraded from version 1.17 to 1.18.
• Sys::Syslog has been upgraded from version 0.32 to 0.33.
• Term::Cap has been upgraded from version 1.13 to 1.15.
• Term::ReadLine has been upgraded from version 1.12 to 1.14.
• Test::Harness has been upgraded from version 3.26 to 3.30.
• Test::Simple has been upgraded from version 0.98 to 1.001002.
• Text::ParseWords has been upgraded from version 3.28 to 3.29.
• Text::Tabs has been upgraded from version 2012.0818 to 2013.0523.
• Text::Wrap has been upgraded from version 2012.0818 to 2013.0523.
• Thread has been upgraded from version 3.02 to 3.04.
• Thread::Queue has been upgraded from version 3.02 to 3.05.
• threads has been upgraded from version 1.86 to 1.93.
• threads::shared has been upgraded from version 1.43 to 1.46.
• Tie::Array has been upgraded from version 1.05 to 1.06.
• Tie::File has been upgraded from version 0.99 to 1.00.
• Tie::Hash has been upgraded from version 1.04 to 1.05.
• Tie::Scalar has been upgraded from version 1.02 to 1.03.
• Tie::StdHandle has been upgraded from version 4.3 to 4.4.
• Time::HiRes has been upgraded from version 1.9725 to 1.9726.
• Time::Piece has been upgraded from version 1.20_01 to 1.27.
• Unicode::Collate has been upgraded from version 0.97 to 1.04.
• Unicode::Normalize has been upgraded from version 1.16 to 1.17.
• Unicode::UCD has been upgraded from version 0.51 to 0.57.
• utf8 has been upgraded from version 1.10 to 1.13.
• version has been upgraded from version 0.9902 to 0.9908.
• vmsish has been upgraded from version 1.03 to 1.04.
• warnings has been upgraded from version 1.18 to 1.23.
• Win32 has been upgraded from version 0.47 to 0.49.
• XS::Typemap has been upgraded from version 0.10 to 0.13.
• XSLoader has been upgraded from version 0.16 to 0.17.

perlrepository

This document was removed (actually, renamed perlgit and given a major overhaul) in Perl v5.14, causing Perl documentation websites to show the now out of date version in Perl v5.12 as the latest version. It has now been restored in stub form, directing readers to current information.

perldata

• New sections have been added to document the new index/value array slice and key/value hash slice syntax.

perldebguts

• The DB::goto and DB::lsub debugger subroutines are now documented. [perl #77680]

perlexperiment

• \s matching \cK is marked experimental.
• ithreads were accepted in v5.8.0 (but are discouraged as of v5.20.0).
• Long doubles are not considered experimental.
• Code in regular expressions, regular expression backtracking verbs, and lvalue subroutines are no longer listed as experimental. (This also affects perlre and perlsub.)

perlfunc

• chop and chomp now note that they can reset the hash iterator.
• exec’s handling of arguments is now more clearly documented.
• eval EXPR now has caveats about expanding floating point numbers in some locales.
• goto EXPR is now documented to handle an expression that evalutes to a code reference as if it was goto &$coderef. This behavior is at least ten years old.
• Since Perl v5.10, it has been possible for subroutines in @INC to return a reference to a scalar holding initial source code to prepend to the file. This is now documented.
• The documentation of ref has been updated to recommend the use of blessed, isa and reftype when dealing with references to blessed objects.

perlguts

• Numerous minor changes have been made to reflect changes made to the perl internals in this release.
• New sections on Read-Only Values and Copy on Write have been added.

perlhack

• The Super Quick Patch Guide section has been updated.

perlhacktips

• The documentation has been updated to include some more examples of gdb usage.

perllexwarn

• The perllexwarn documentation used to describe the hierarchy of warning categories understood by the warnings pragma. That description has now been moved to the warnings documentation itself, leaving perllexwarn as a stub that points to it. This change consolidates all documentation for lexical warnings in a single place.

perllocale

• The documentation now mentions fc() and \F, and includes many clarifications and corrections in general.

perlop

• The language design of Perl has always called for monomorphic operators. This is now mentioned explicitly.

perlopentut

• The open tutorial has been completely rewritten by Tom Christiansen, and now focuses on covering only the basics, rather than providing a comprehensive reference to all things openable. This rewrite came as the result of a vigorous discussion on perl5-porters kicked off by a set of improvements written by Alexander Hartmaier to the existing perlopentut. A “more than you ever wanted to know about open” document may follow in subsequent versions of perl.

perlre

• The fact that the regexp engine makes no effort to call (?{}) and (??{}) constructs any specified number of times (although it will basically DWIM in case of a successful match) has been documented.
• The /r modifier (for non-destructive substitution) is now documented. [perl #119151]
• The documentation for /x and (?# comment) has been expanded and clarified.

perlreguts

• The documentation has been updated in the light of recent changes to regcomp.c.

perlsub

• The need to predeclare recursive functions with prototypes in order for the prototype to be honoured in the recursive call is now documented. [perl #2726]
• A list of subroutine names used by the perl implementation is now included. [perl #77680]

perltrap

• There is now a JavaScript section.

perlunicode

• The documentation has been updated to reflect Bidi_Class changes in Unicode 6.3.

perlvar

• A new section explaining the performance issues of $`, $& and $’, including workarounds and changes in different versions of Perl, has been added.
• Three English variable names which have long been documented but do not actually exist have been removed from the documentation. These were $OLD_PERL_VERSION, $OFMT, and $ARRAY_BASE. (Actually, OLD_PERL_VERSION does exist, starting with this revision, but remained undocumented until perl 5.22.0.)

perlxs

• Several problems in the MY_CXT example have been fixed.

New Errors

• delete argument is index/value array slice, use array slice (F) You used index/value array slice syntax (%array[...]) as the argument to delete. You probably meant @array[...] with an @ symbol instead.
• delete argument is key/value hash slice, use hash slice (F) You used key/value hash slice syntax (%hash{...}) as the argument to delete. You probably meant @hash{...} with an @ symbol instead.
• Magical list constants are not supported (F) You assigned a magical array to a stash element, and then tried to use the subroutine from the same slot. You are asking Perl to do something it cannot do, details subject to change between Perl versions.
• Added Setting $/ to a %s reference is forbidden

New Warnings

• %s on reference is experimental: The auto-deref feature is experimental. Starting in v5.14.0, it was possible to use push, pop, keys, and other built-in functions not only on aggregate types, but on references to them. The feature was not deployed to its original intended specification, and now may become redundant to postfix dereferencing. It has always been categorized as an experimental feature, and in v5.20.0 is carries a warning as such. Warnings will now be issued at compile time when these operations are detected. no if $] >= 5.01908, warnings => “experimental::autoderef”; Consider, though, replacing the use of these features, as they may change behavior again before becoming stable.
• A sequence of multiple spaces in a charnames alias definition is deprecated Trailing white-space in a charnames alias definition is deprecated These two deprecation warnings involving \N{...} were incorrectly implemented. They did not warn by default (now they do) and could not be made fatal via use warnings FATAL => deprecated (now they can).
• Attribute prototype(%s) discards earlier prototype attribute in same sub (W misc) A sub was declared as sub foo : prototype(A) : prototype(B) {}, for example. Since each sub can only have one prototype, the earlier declaration(s) are discarded while the last one is applied.
• Invalid \0 character in %s for %s: %s\0%s (W syscalls) Embedded \0 characters in pathnames or other system call arguments produce a warning as of 5.20. The parts after the \0 were formerly ignored by system calls.
• Matched non-Unicode code point 0x%X against Unicode property; may not be portable. This replaces the message Code point 0x%X is not Unicode, all \p{} matches fail; all \P{} matches succeed.
• Missing ’]’ in prototype for %s : %s (W illegalproto) A grouping was started with [ but never closed with ].
• Possible precedence issue with control flow operator (W syntax) There is a possible problem with the mixing of a control flow operator (e.g. return) and a low-precedence operator like or. Consider: sub { return $a or $b; } This is parsed as: sub { (return $a) or $b; } Which is effectively just: sub { return $a; } Either use parentheses or the high-precedence variant of the operator. Note this may be also triggered for constructs like: sub { 1 if die; }
• Postfix dereference is experimental (S experimental::postderef) This warning is emitted if you use the experimental postfix dereference syntax. Simply suppress the warning if you want to use the feature, but know that in doing so you are taking the risk of using an experimental feature which may change or be removed in a future Perl version: no warnings “experimental::postderef”; use feature “postderef”, “postderef_qq”; $ref->$*; $aref->@*; $aref->@[@indices]; … etc …
• Prototype ’%s’ overridden by attribute ’prototype(%s)’ in %s (W prototype) A prototype was declared in both the parentheses after the sub name and via the prototype attribute. The prototype in parentheses is useless, since it will be replaced by the prototype from the attribute before it’s ever used.
• Scalar value @%s[%s] better written as $%s[%s] (W syntax) In scalar context, you’ve used an array index/value slice (indicated by %) to select a single element of an array. Generally it’s better to ask for a scalar value (indicated by $). The difference is that $foo[&bar] always behaves like a scalar, both in the value it returns and when evaluating its argument, while %foo[&bar] provides a list context to its subscript, which can do weird things if you’re expecting only one subscript. When called in list context, it also returns the index (what &bar returns) in addition to the value.
• Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s} (W syntax) In scalar context, you’ve used a hash key/value slice (indicated by %) to select a single element of a hash. Generally it’s better to ask for a scalar value (indicated by $). The difference is that $foo{&bar} always behaves like a scalar, both in the value it returns and when evaluating its argument, while @foo{&bar} and provides a list context to its subscript, which can do weird things if you’re expecting only one subscript. When called in list context, it also returns the key in addition to the value.
• Setting $/ to a reference to %s as a form of slurp is deprecated, treating as undef
• Unexpected exit %u (S) exit() was called or the script otherwise finished gracefully when PERL_EXIT_WARN was set in PL_exit_flags.
• Unexpected exit failure %d (S) An uncaught die() was called when PERL_EXIT_WARN was set in PL_exit_flags.
• Use of literal control characters in variable names is deprecated (D deprecated) Using literal control characters in the source to refer to the ^FOO variables, like $^X and ${^GLOBAL_PHASE} is now deprecated. This only affects code like $\cT, where \cT is a control (like a SOH) in the source code: ${\cT} and $^T remain valid.
• Useless use of greediness modifier This fixes [Perl #42957].

• Warnings and errors from the regexp engine are now UTF-8 clean.
• The Unknown switch condition error message has some slight changes. This error triggers when there is an unknown condition in a (?(foo)) conditional. The error message used to read: Unknown switch condition (?(%s in regex; But what %s could be was mostly up to luck. For (?(foobar)), you might have seen fo or f. For Unicode characters, you would generally get a corrupted string. The message has been changed to read: Unknown switch condition (?(…)) in regex; Additionally, the <-- HERE marker in the error will now point to the correct spot in the regex.
• The %s \x%X does not map to Unicode warning is now correctly listed as a severe warning rather than as a fatal error.
• Under rare circumstances, one could get a Can’t coerce readonly REF to string instead of the customary Modification of a read-only value. This alternate error message has been removed.
• Ambiguous use of * resolved as operator *: This and similar warnings about % and & used to occur in some circumstances where there was no operator of the type cited, so the warning was completely wrong. This has been fixed [perl #117535, #76910].
• Warnings about malformed subroutine prototypes are now more consistent in how the prototypes are rendered. Some of these warnings would truncate prototypes containing nulls. In other cases one warning would suppress another. The warning about illegal characters in prototypes no longer says after ’_’ if the bad character came before the underscore.
• Perl folding rules are not up-to-date for 0x%X; please use the perlbug utility to report; in regex; marked by <– HERE in m/%s/ This message is now only in the regexp category, and not in the deprecated category. It is still a default (i.e., severe) warning [perl #89648].
• %%s[%s] in scalar context better written as $%s[%s] This warning now occurs for any %array[$index] or %hash{key} known to be in scalar context at compile time. Previously it was worded Scalar value %%s[%s] better written as $%s[%s].
• Switch condition not recognized in regex; marked by <– HERE in m/%s/: The description for this diagnostic has been extended to cover all cases where the warning may occur. Issues with the positioning of the arrow indicator have also been resolved.
• The error messages for my($a?$b$c) and my(do{}) now mention conditional expression and do block, respectively, instead of reading ’Can’t declare null operation in my’.
• When use re "debug" executes a regex containing a backreference, the debugging output now shows what string is being matched.
• The now fatal error message Character following "\c" must be ASCII has been reworded as Character following "\c" must be printable ASCII to emphasize that in =\c=/=X=/, X must be a printable (non-control) ASCII character.

Android

Perl can now be built for Android, either natively or through cross-compilation, for all three currently available architectures (ARM, MIPS, and x86), on a wide range of versions.

Bitrig

Compile support has been added for Bitrig, a fork of OpenBSD.

FreeMiNT

Support has been added for FreeMiNT, a free open-source OS for the Atari ST system and its successors, based on the original MiNT that was officially adopted by Atari.

Synology

Synology ships its NAS boxes with a lean Linux distribution (DSM) on relative cheap CPU’s (like the Marvell Kirkwood mv6282 - ARMv5tel or Freescale QorIQ P1022 ppc - e500v2) not meant for workstations or development. These boxes should build now. The basic problems are the non-standard location for tools.

“sfio”

Code related to supporting the sfio I/O system has been removed. Perl 5.004 added support to use the native API of sfio, AT&T’s Safe/Fast I/O library. This code still built with v5.8.0, albeit with many regression tests failing, but was inadvertently broken before the v5.8.1 release, meaning that it has not worked on any version of Perl released since then. In over a decade we have received no bug reports about this, hence it is clear that no-one is using this functionality on any version of Perl that is still supported to any degree.

AT&T 3b1

Configure support for the 3b1, also known as the AT&T Unix PC (and the similar AT&T 7300), has been removed.

DG/UX

DG/UX was a Unix sold by Data General. The last release was in April 2001. It only runs on Data General’s own hardware.

EBCDIC

In the absence of a regular source of smoke reports, code intended to support native EBCDIC platforms will be removed from perl before 5.22.0.

Cygwin

recv() on a connected handle would populate the returned sender address with whatever happened to be in the working buffer. recv() now uses a workaround similar to the Win32 recv() wrapper and returns an empty string when recvfrom (2) doesn’t modify the supplied address length. [perl #118843]

• Fixed a build error in cygwin.c on Cygwin 1.7.28. Tests now handle the errors that occur when cygserver isn’t running.

GNU/Hurd

The BSD compatibility library libbsd is no longer required for builds.

Linux

The hints file now looks for libgdbm_compat only if libgdbm itself is also wanted. The former is never useful without the latter, and in some circumstances, including it could actually prevent building.

Mac OS

The build system now honors an ld setting supplied by the user running Configure.

MidnightBSD

objformat was removed from version 0.4-RELEASE of MidnightBSD and had been deprecated on earlier versions. This caused the build environment to be erroneously configured for a.out rather than elf. This has been now been corrected.

Mixed-endian platforms

The code supporting pack and unpack operations on mixed endian platforms has been removed. We believe that Perl has long been unable to build on mixed endian architectures (such as PDP-11s), so we don’t think that this change will affect any platforms which were able to build v5.18.0.

VMS

The PERL_ENV_TABLES feature to control the population of %ENV at perl start-up was broken in Perl 5.16.0 but has now been fixed.

• Skip access checks on remotes in opendir(). [perl #121002]
• A check for glob metacharacters in a path returned by the glob() operator has been replaced with a check for VMS wildcard characters. This saves a significant number of unnecessary lstat() calls such that some simple glob operations become 60-80% faster.

Win32

rename and link on Win32 now set $! to ENOSPC and EDQUOT when appropriate. [perl #119857]

• The BUILD_STATIC and ALL_STATIC makefile options for linking some or (nearly) all extensions statically (into perl520.dll, and into a separate perl-static.exe too) were broken for MinGW builds. This has now been fixed. The ALL_STATIC option has also been improved to include the Encode and Win32 extensions (for both VC++ and MinGW builds).
• Support for building with Visual C++ 2013 has been added. There are currently two possible test failures (see Testing Perl on Windows in perlwin32) which will hopefully be resolved soon.
• Experimental support for building with Intel C++ Compiler has been added. The nmake makefile (win32/Makefile) and the dmake makefile (win32/makefile.mk) can be used. A nmake test will not pass at this time due to cpan/CGI/t/url.t.
• Killing a process tree with kill in perlfunc and a negative signal, was broken starting in 5.18.0. In this bug, kill always returned 0 for a negative signal even for valid PIDs, and no processes were terminated. This has been fixed [perl #121230].
• The time taken to build perl on Windows has been reduced quite significantly (time savings in the region of 30-40% are typically seen) by reducing the number of, usually failing, I/O calls for each require() (for miniperl.exe only). [GH #13566] https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues/13566
• About 15 minutes of idle sleeping was removed from running make test due to a bug in which the timeout monitor used for tests could not be cancelled once the test completes, and the full timeout period elapsed before running the next test file. [GH #13647] https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues/13647
• On a perl built without pseudo-fork (pseudo-fork builds were not affected by this bug), killing a process tree with kill() and a negative signal resulted in kill() inverting the returned value. For example, if kill() killed 1 process tree PID then it returned 0 instead of 1, and if kill() was passed 2 invalid PIDs then it returned 2 instead of 0. This has probably been the case since the process tree kill feature was implemented on Win32. It has now been corrected to follow the documented behaviour. [GH #13595] https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues/13595
• When building a 64-bit perl, an uninitialized memory read in miniperl.exe, used during the build process, could lead to a 4GB wperl.exe being created. This has now been fixed. (Note that perl.exe itself was unaffected, but obviously wperl.exe would have been completely broken.) [GH #13677] https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues/13677
• Perl can now be built with gcc version 4.8.1 from http://www.mingw.org. This was previously broken due to an incorrect definition of DllMain() in one of perl’s source files. Earlier gcc versions were also affected when using version 4 of the w32api package. Versions of gcc available from http://mingw-w64.sourceforge.net/ were not affected. [GH #13733] https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues/13733
• The test harness now has no failures when perl is built on a FAT drive with the Windows OS on an NTFS drive. [GH #6348] https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues/6348
• When cloning the context stack in fork() emulation, Perl_cx_dup() would crash accessing parameter information for context stack entries that included no parameters, as with &foo;. [GH #13763] https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues/13763
• Introduced by [GH #12161] https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues/12161, a memory leak on every call to system and backticks (= `` =), on most Win32 Perls starting from 5.18.0 has been fixed. The memory leak only occurred if you enabled pseudo-fork in your build of Win32 Perl, and were running that build on Server 2003 R2 or newer OS. The leak does not appear on WinXP SP3. [GH #13741] https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues/13741

WinCE

The building of XS modules has largely been restored. Several still cannot (yet) be built but it is now possible to build Perl on WinCE with only a couple of further patches (to Socket and ExtUtils::MakeMaker), hopefully to be incorporated soon.

• Perl can now be built in one shot with no user intervention on WinCE by running nmake -f Makefile.ce all. Support for building with EVC (Embedded Visual C++) 4 has been restored. Perl can also be built using Smart Devices for Visual C++ 2005 or 2008.

• Fixed a small number of regexp constructions that could either fail to match or crash perl when the string being matched against was allocated above the 2GB line on 32-bit systems. [RT #118175]
• Various memory leaks involving the parsing of the (?[...]) regular expression construct have been fixed.
• (?[...]) now allows interpolation of precompiled patterns consisting of (?[...]) with bracketed character classes inside ($pat = qr/(?[ [a] ])/; (?[ $pat ])). Formerly, the brackets would confuse the regular expression parser.
• The Quantifier unexpected on zero-length expression warning message could appear twice starting in Perl v5.10 for a regular expression also containing alternations (e.g., a|b) triggering the trie optimisation.
• Perl v5.18 inadvertently introduced a bug whereby interpolating mixed up- and down-graded UTF-8 strings in a regex could result in malformed UTF-8 in the pattern: specifically if a downgraded character in the range \x80..\xff followed a UTF-8 string, e.g. utf8::upgrade( my $u = “\x{e5}”); utf8::downgrade(my $d = “\x{e5}”); $u$d [RT #118297]
• In regular expressions containing multiple code blocks, the values of $1, $2, etc., set by nested regular expression calls would leak from one block to the next. Now these variables always refer to the outer regular expression at the start of an embedded block [perl #117917].
• /$qr/p was broken in Perl 5.18.0; the /p flag was ignored. This has been fixed. [perl #118213]
• Starting in Perl 5.18.0, a construct like /[#](?{})/x would have its # incorrectly interpreted as a comment. The code block would be skipped, unparsed. This has been corrected.
• Starting in Perl 5.001, a regular expression like /[#$a]/x or /[#]$a/x would have its # incorrectly interpreted as a comment, so the variable would not interpolate. This has been corrected. [perl #45667]
• Perl 5.18.0 inadvertently made dereferenced regular expressions (${ qr// }) false as booleans. This has been fixed.
• The use of \G in regular expressions, where it’s not at the start of the pattern, is now slightly less buggy (although it is still somewhat problematic).
• Where a regular expression included code blocks (/(?{...})/), and where the use of constant overloading triggered a re-compilation of the code block, the second compilation didn’t see its outer lexical scope. This was a regression in Perl 5.18.0.
• The string position set by pos could shift if the string changed representation internally to or from utf8. This could happen, e.g., with references to objects with string overloading.
• Taking references to the return values of two pos calls with the same argument, and then assigning a reference to one and undef to the other, could result in assertion failures or memory leaks.
• Elements of @- and @+ now update correctly when they refer to non-existent captures. Previously, a referenced element ($ref = \$-[1]) could refer to the wrong match after subsequent matches.
• The code that parses regex backrefs (or ambiguous backref/octals) such as \123 did a simple atoi(), which could wrap round to negative values on long digit strings and cause segmentation faults. This has now been fixed. [perl #119505]
• Assigning another typeglob to *^R no longer makes the regular expression engine crash.
• The \N regular expression escape, when used without the curly braces (to mean [^\n]), was ignoring a following * if followed by whitespace under /x. It had been this way since \N to mean [^\n] was introduced in 5.12.0.
• s///, tr/// and y/// now work when a wide character is used as the delimiter. [perl #120463]
• Some cases of unterminated (?…) sequences in regular expressions (e.g., /(?</) have been fixed to produce the proper error message instead of panic: memory wrap. Other cases (e.g., /(?(/) have yet to be fixed.
• When a reference to a reference to an overloaded object was returned from a regular expression (??{...}) code block, an incorrect implicit dereference could take place if the inner reference had been returned by a code block previously.
• A tied variable returned from (??{...}) sees the inner values of match variables (i.e., the $1 etc. from any matches inside the block) in its FETCH method. This was not the case if a reference to an overloaded object was the last thing assigned to the tied variable. Instead, the match variables referred to the outer pattern during the FETCH call.
• Fix unexpected tainting via regexp using locale. Previously, under certain conditions, the use of character classes could cause tainting when it shouldn’t. Some character classes are locale-dependent, but before this patch, sometimes tainting was happening even for character classes that don’t depend on the locale. [perl #120675]
• Under certain conditions, Perl would throw an error if in a lookbehind assertion in a regexp, the assertion referred to a named subpattern, complaining the lookbehind was variable when it wasn’t. This has been fixed. [perl #120600], [perl #120618]. The current fix may be improved on in the future.
• $^R wasn’t available outside of the regular expression that initialized it. [perl #121070]
• A large set of fixes and refactoring for re_intuit_start() was merged, the highlights are:
  • Fixed a panic when compiling the regular expression /\x{100}[xy]\x{100}{2}/.
  • Fixed a performance regression when performing a global pattern match against a UTF-8 string. [perl #120692]
  • Fixed another performance issue where matching a regular expression like /ab.{1,2}x/ against a long UTF-8 string would unnecessarily calculate byte offsets for a large portion of the string. [perl #120692]
• Fixed an alignment error when compiling regular expressions when built with GCC on HP-UX 64-bit.
• On 64-bit platforms pos can now be set to a value higher than 2**31-1. [perl #72766]

• The debugger’s man command been fixed. It was broken in the v5.18.0 release. The man command is aliased to the names doc and perldoc - all now work again.
• @_ is now correctly visible in the debugger, fixing a regression introduced in v5.18.0’s debugger. [RT #118169]
• Under copy-on-write builds (the default as of 5.20.0) ${_<-e}[0] no longer gets mangled. This is the first line of input saved for the debugger’s use for one-liners [perl #118627].
• On non-threaded builds, setting ${"_<filename"} to a reference or typeglob no longer causes _ _FILE_ _ and some error messages to produce a corrupt string, and no longer prevents #line directives in string evals from providing the source lines to the debugger. Threaded builds were unaffected.
• Starting with Perl 5.12, line numbers were off by one if the -d switch was used on the #! line. Now they are correct.
• *DB::DB = sub {} if 0 no longer stops Perl’s debugging mode from finding DB::DB subs declared thereafter.
• %{_<...} hashes now set breakpoints on the corresponding @{_<...} rather than whichever array @DB::dbline is aliased to. [perl #119799]
• Call set-magic when setting $DB::sub. [perl #121255]
• The debugger’s n command now respects lvalue subroutines and steps over them [perl #118839].

• Lexical constants (my sub a() { 42 }) no longer crash when inlined.
• Parameter prototypes attached to lexical subroutines are now respected when compiling sub calls without parentheses. Previously, the prototypes were honoured only for calls with parentheses. [RT #116735]
• Syntax errors in lexical subroutines in combination with calls to the same subroutines no longer cause crashes at compile time.
• Deep recursion warnings no longer crash lexical subroutines. [RT #118521]
• The dtrace sub-entry probe now works with lexical subs, instead of crashing [perl #118305].
• Undefining an inlinable lexical subroutine (my sub foo() { 42 } undef &foo) would result in a crash if warnings were turned on.
• An undefined lexical sub used as an inherited method no longer crashes.
• The presence of a lexical sub named CORE no longer stops the CORE:: prefix from working.

• The OP allocation code now returns correctly aligned memory in all cases for struct pmop. Previously it could return memory only aligned to a 4-byte boundary, which is not correct for an ithreads build with 64 bit IVs on some 32 bit platforms. Notably, this caused the build to fail completely on sparc GNU/Linux. [RT #118055]
• Evaluating large hashes in scalar context is now much faster, as the number of used chains in the hash is now cached for larger hashes. Smaller hashes continue not to store it and calculate it when needed, as this saves one IV. That would be 1 IV overhead for every object built from a hash. [RT #114576]
• Perl v5.16 inadvertently introduced a bug whereby calls to XSUBs that were not visible at compile time were treated as lvalues and could be assigned to, even when the subroutine was not an lvalue sub. This has been fixed. [RT #117947]
• In Perl v5.18.0 dualvars that had an empty string for the string part but a non-zero number for the number part starting being treated as true. In previous versions they were treated as false, the string representation taking precedence. The old behaviour has been restored. [RT #118159]
• Since Perl v5.12, inlining of constants that override built-in keywords of the same name had countermanded use subs, causing subsequent mentions of the constant to use the built-in keyword instead. This has been fixed.
• The warning produced by -l $handle now applies to IO refs and globs, not just to glob refs. That warning is also now UTF8-clean. [RT #117595]
• delete local $ENV{nonexistent_env_var} no longer leaks memory.
• sort and require followed by a keyword prefixed with CORE:: now treat it as a keyword, and not as a subroutine or module name. [RT #24482]
• Through certain conundrums, it is possible to cause the current package to be freed. Certain operators (bless, reset, open, eval) could not cope and would crash. They have been made more resilient. [RT #117941]
• Aliasing filehandles through glob-to-glob assignment would not update internal method caches properly if a package of the same name as the filehandle existed, resulting in filehandle method calls going to the package instead. This has been fixed.
• ./Configure -de -Dusevendorprefix didn’t default. [RT #64126]
• The Statement unlikely to be reached warning was listed in perldiag as an exec-category warning, but was enabled and disabled by the syntax category. On the other hand, the exec category controlled its fatal-ness. It is now entirely handled by the exec category.
• The Replacement list is longer that search list warning for tr/// and y/// no longer occurs in the presence of the /c flag. [RT #118047]
• Stringification of NVs are not cached so that the lexical locale controls stringification of the decimal point. [perl #108378] [perl #115800]
• There have been several fixes related to Perl’s handling of locales. perl #38193 was described above in Internal Changes. Also fixed is #118197, where the radix (decimal point) character had to be an ASCII character (which doesn’t work for some non-Western languages); and #115808, in which POSIX::setlocale() on failure returned an undef which didn’t warn about not being defined even if those warnings were enabled.
• Compiling a split operator whose third argument is a named constant evaluating to 0 no longer causes the constant’s value to change.
• A named constant used as the second argument to index no longer gets coerced to a string if it is a reference, regular expression, dualvar, etc.
• A named constant evaluating to the undefined value used as the second argument to index no longer produces uninitialized warnings at compile time. It will still produce them at run time.
• When a scalar was returned from a subroutine in @INC, the referenced scalar was magically converted into an IO thingy, possibly resulting in Bizarre copy errors if that scalar continued to be used elsewhere. Now Perl uses an internal copy of the scalar instead.
• Certain uses of the sort operator are optimised to modify an array in place, such as @a = sort @a. During the sorting, the array is made read-only. If a sort block should happen to die, then the array remained read-only even outside the sort. This has been fixed.
• $a and $b inside a sort block are aliased to the actual arguments to sort, so they can be modified through those two variables. This did not always work, e.g., for lvalue subs and $#ary, and probably many other operators. It works now.
• The arguments to sort are now all in list context. If the sort itself were called in void or scalar context, then some, but not all, of the arguments used to be in void or scalar context.
• Subroutine prototypes with Unicode characters above U+00FF were getting mangled during closure cloning. This would happen with subroutines closing over lexical variables declared outside, and with lexical subs.
• UNIVERSAL::can now treats its first argument the same way that method calls do: Typeglobs and glob references with non-empty IO slots are treated as handles, and strings are treated as filehandles, rather than packages, if a handle with that name exists [perl #113932].
• Method calls on typeglobs (e.g., *ARGV->getline) used to stringify the typeglob and then look it up again. Combined with changes in Perl 5.18.0, this allowed *foo->bar to call methods on the foo package (like foo->bar). In some cases it could cause the method to be called on the wrong handle. Now a typeglob argument is treated as a handle (just like (\*foo)->bar), or, if its IO slot is empty, an error is raised.
• Assigning a vstring to a tied variable or to a subroutine argument aliased to a nonexistent hash or array element now works, without flattening the vstring into a regular string.
• pos, tie, tied and untie did not work properly on subroutine arguments aliased to nonexistent hash and array elements [perl #77814, #27010].
• The => fat arrow operator can now quote built-in keywords even if it occurs on the next line, making it consistent with how it treats other barewords.
• Autovivifying a subroutine stub via \&$glob started causing crashes in Perl 5.18.0 if the $glob was merely a copy of a real glob, i.e., a scalar that had had a glob assigned to it. This has been fixed. [perl #119051]
• Perl used to leak an implementation detail when it came to referencing the return values of certain operators. for ($a+$b) { warn \$_; warn \$_ } used to display two different memory addresses, because the \ operator was copying the variable. Under threaded builds, it would also happen for constants (for(1) { ... }). This has been fixed. [perl #21979, #78194, #89188, #109746, #114838, #115388]
• The range operator .. was returning the same modifiable scalars with each call, unless it was the only thing in a foreach loop header. This meant that changes to values within the list returned would be visible the next time the operator was executed. [perl #3105]
• Constant folding and subroutine inlining no longer cause operations that would normally return new modifiable scalars to return read-only values instead.
• Closures of the form sub () { $some_variable } are no longer inlined, causing changes to the variable to be ignored by callers of the subroutine. [perl #79908]
• Return values of certain operators such as ref would sometimes be shared between recursive calls to the same subroutine, causing the inner call to modify the value returned by ref in the outer call. This has been fixed.
• _ _PACKAGE_ _ and constants returning a package name or hash key are now consistently read-only. In various previous Perl releases, they have become mutable under certain circumstances.
• Enabling used once warnings no longer causes crashes on stash circularities created at compile time (*Foo::Bar::Foo:: = *Foo::).
• Undef constants used in hash keys (use constant u => undef; $h{+u}) no longer produce uninitialized warnings at compile time.
• Modifying a substitution target inside the substitution replacement no longer causes crashes.
• The first statement inside a string eval used to use the wrong pragma setting sometimes during constant folding. eval uc chr 0xe0 would randomly choose between Unicode, byte, and locale semantics. This has been fixed.
• The handling of return values of @INC filters (subroutines returned by subroutines in @INC) has been fixed in various ways. Previously tied variables were mishandled, and setting $_ to a reference or typeglob could result in crashes.
• The SvPVbyte XS function has been fixed to work with tied scalars returning something other than a string. It used to return utf8 in those cases where SvPV would.
• Perl 5.18.0 inadvertently made -- and ++ crash on dereferenced regular expressions, and stopped ++ from flattening vstrings.
• bless no longer dies with Can’t bless non-reference value if its first argument is a tied reference.
• reset with an argument no longer skips copy-on-write scalars, regular expressions, typeglob copies, and vstrings. Also, when encountering those or read-only values, it no longer skips any array or hash with the same name.
• reset with an argument now skips scalars aliased to typeglobs (for $z (*foo) { reset "z" }). Previously it would corrupt memory or crash.
• ucfirst and lcfirst were not respecting the bytes pragma. This was a regression from Perl 5.12. [perl #117355]
• Changes to UNIVERSAL::DESTROY now update DESTROY caches in all classes, instead of causing classes that have already had objects destroyed to continue using the old sub. This was a regression in Perl 5.18. [perl #114864]
• All known false-positive occurrences of the deprecation warning Useless use of ’\’; doesn’t escape metacharacter ’%c’, added in Perl 5.18.0, have been removed. [perl #119101]
• The value of $^E is now saved across signal handlers on Windows. [perl #85104]
• A lexical filehandle (as in open my $fh...) is usually given a name based on the current package and the name of the variable, e.g. main::$fh. Under recursion, the filehandle was losing the $fh part of the name. This has been fixed.
• Uninitialized values returned by XSUBs are no longer exempt from uninitialized warnings. [perl #118693]
• elsif ("") no longer erroneously produces a warning about void context. [perl #118753]
• Passing undef to a subroutine now causes @_ to contain the same read-only undefined scalar that undef returns. Furthermore, exists $_[0] will now return true if undef was the first argument. [perl #7508, #109726]
• Passing a non-existent array element to a subroutine does not usually autovivify it unless the subroutine modifies its argument. This did not work correctly with negative indices and with non-existent elements within the array. The element would be vivified immediately. The delayed vivification has been extended to work with those. [perl #118691]
• Assigning references or globs to the scalar returned by $#foo after the @foo array has been freed no longer causes assertion failures on debugging builds and memory leaks on regular builds.
• On 64-bit platforms, large ranges like 1..1000000000000 no longer crash, but eat up all your memory instead. [perl #119161]
• _ _DATA_ _ now puts the DATA handle in the right package, even if the current package has been renamed through glob assignment.
• When die, last, next, redo, goto and exit unwind the scope, it is possible for DESTROY recursively to call a subroutine or format that is currently being exited. It that case, sometimes the lexical variables inside the sub would start out having values from the outer call, instead of being undefined as they should. This has been fixed. [perl #119311]
• ${^MPEN} is no longer treated as a synonym for ${^MATCH}.
• Perl now tries a little harder to return the correct line number in (caller)[2]. [perl #115768]
• Line numbers inside multiline quote-like operators are now reported correctly. [perl #3643]
• #line directives inside code embedded in quote-like operators are now respected.
• Line numbers are now correct inside the second here-doc when two here-doc markers occur on the same line.
• An optimization in Perl 5.18 made incorrect assumptions causing a bad interaction with the Devel::CallParser CPAN module. If the module was loaded then lexical variables declared in separate statements following a my(...) list might fail to be cleared on scope exit.
• &xsub and goto &xsub calls now allow the called subroutine to autovivify elements of @_.
• &xsub and goto &xsub no longer crash if *_ has been undefined and has no ARRAY entry (i.e. @_ does not exist).
• &xsub and goto &xsub now work with tied @_.
• Overlong identifiers no longer cause a buffer overflow (and a crash). They started doing so in Perl 5.18.
• The warning Scalar value @hash={foo} better written as =$hash={foo} now produces far fewer false positives. In particular, =@hash{+function_returning_a_list} and @hash{ qw "foo bar baz" } no longer warn. The same applies to array slices. [perl #28380, #114024]
• $! = EINVAL; waitpid(0, WNOHANG); no longer goes into an internal infinite loop. [perl #85228]
• A possible segmentation fault in filehandle duplication has been fixed.
• A subroutine in @INC can return a reference to a scalar containing the initial contents of the file. However, that scalar was freed prematurely if not referenced elsewhere, giving random results.
• last no longer returns values that the same statement has accumulated so far, fixing amongst other things the long-standing bug that push @a, last would try to return the @a, copying it like a scalar in the process and resulting in the error, Bizarre copy of ARRAY in last. [perl #3112]
• In some cases, closing file handles opened to pipe to or from a process, which had been duplicated into a standard handle, would call perl’s internal waitpid wrapper with a pid of zero. With the fix for [perl #85228] this zero pid was passed to waitpid, possibly blocking the process. This wait for process zero no longer occurs. [perl #119893]
• select used to ignore magic on the fourth (timeout) argument, leading to effects such as select blocking indefinitely rather than the expected sleep time. This has now been fixed. [perl #120102]
• The class name in for my class $foo is now parsed correctly. In the case of the second character of the class name being followed by a digit (e.g. ’a1b’) this used to give the error Missing $ on loop variable. [perl #120112]
• Perl 5.18.0 accidentally disallowed -bareword under use strict and use integer. This has been fixed. [perl #120288]
• -a at the start of a line (or a hyphen with any single letter that is not a filetest operator) no longer produces an erroneous ’Use of -a without parentheses is ambiguous’ warning. [perl #120288]
• Lvalue context is now properly propagated into bare blocks and if and else blocks in lvalue subroutines. Previously, arrays and hashes would sometimes incorrectly be flattened when returned in lvalue list context, or Bizarre copy errors could occur. [perl #119797]
• Lvalue context is now propagated to the branches of || and && (and their alphabetic equivalents, or and and). This means foreach (pos $x || pos $y) {...} now allows pos to be modified through $_.
• stat and readline remember the last handle used; the former for the special _ filehandle, the latter for ${^LAST_FH}. eval "*foo if 0" where *foo was the last handle passed to stat or readline could cause that handle to be forgotten if the handle were not opened yet. This has been fixed.
• Various cases of delete $::{a}, delete $::{ENV} etc. causing a crash have been fixed. [perl #54044]
• Setting $! to EACCESS before calling require could affect require’s behaviour. This has been fixed.
• The Can’t use \1 to mean $1 in expression warning message now only occurs on the right-hand (replacement) part of a substitution. Formerly it could happen in code embedded in the left-hand side, or in any other quote-like operator.
• Blessing into a reference (bless $thisref, $thatref) has long been disallowed, but magical scalars for the second like $/ and those tied were exempt. They no longer are. [perl #119809]
• Blessing into a reference was accidentally allowed in 5.18 if the class argument were a blessed reference with stale method caches (i.e., whose class had had subs defined since the last method call). They are disallowed once more, as in 5.16.
• $x->{key} where $x was declared as my Class $x no longer crashes if a Class::FIELDS subroutine stub has been declared.
• @$obj{key} and ${$obj}{key} used to be exempt from compile-time field checking (No such class field; see fields) but no longer are.
• A nonexistent array element with a large index passed to a subroutine that ties the array and then tries to access the element no longer results in a crash.
• Declaring a subroutine stub named NEGATIVE_INDICES no longer makes negative array indices crash when the current package is a tied array class.
• Declaring a require, glob, or do subroutine stub in the CORE::GLOBAL:: package no longer makes compilation of calls to the corresponding functions crash.
• Aliasing CORE::GLOBAL:: functions to constants stopped working in Perl 5.10 but has now been fixed.
• When `...` or qx/.../ calls a readpipe override, double-quotish interpolation now happens, as is the case when there is no override. Previously, the presence of an override would make these quote-like operators act like q{}, suppressing interpolation. [perl #115330]
• <<<`...` here-docs (with backticks as the delimiters) now call readpipe overrides. [perl #119827]
• &CORE::exit() and &CORE::die() now respect vmsish hints.
• Undefining a glob that triggers a DESTROY method that undefines the same glob is now safe. It used to produce Attempt to free unreferenced glob pointer warnings and leak memory.
• If subroutine redefinition (eval sub foo{} or newXS for XS code) triggers a DESTROY method on the sub that is being redefined, and that method assigns a subroutine to the same slot (*foo = sub {}), $_[0] is no longer left pointing to a freed scalar. Now DESTROY is delayed until the new subroutine has been installed.
• On Windows, perl no longer calls CloseHandle() on a socket handle. This makes debugging easier on Windows by removing certain irrelevant bad handle exceptions. It also fixes a race condition that made socket functions randomly fail in a Perl process with multiple OS threads, and possible test failures in dist/IO/t/cachepropagate-tcp.t. [perl #120091/118059]
• Formats involving UTF-8 encoded strings, or strange vars like ties, overloads, or stringified refs (and in recent perls, pure NOK vars) would generally do the wrong thing in formats when the var is treated as a string and repeatedly chopped, as in ^<<<~~ and similar. This has now been resolved. [perl #33832/45325/113868/119847/119849/119851]
• semctl(..., SETVAL, ...) would set the semaphore to the top 32-bits of the supplied integer instead of the bottom 32-bits on 64-bit big-endian systems. [perl #120635]
• readdir() now only sets $! on error. $! is no longer set to EBADF when then terminating undef is read from the directory unless the system call sets $!. [perl #118651]
• &CORE::glob no longer causes an intermittent crash due to perl’s stack getting corrupted. [perl #119993]
• open with layers that load modules (e.g., <:encoding(utf8)) no longer runs the risk of crashing due to stack corruption.
• Perl 5.18 broke autoloading via ->SUPER::foo method calls by looking up AUTOLOAD from the current package rather than the current package’s superclass. This has been fixed. [perl #120694]
• A longstanding bug causing do {} until CONSTANT, where the constant holds a true value, to read unallocated memory has been resolved. This would usually happen after a syntax error. In past versions of Perl it has crashed intermittently. [perl #72406]
• Fix HP-UX $! failure. HP-UX strerror() returns an empty string for an unknown error code. This caused an assertion to fail under DEBUGGING builds. Now instead, the returned string for "$!" contains text indicating the code is for an unknown error.
• Individually-tied elements of @INC (as in tie $INC[0]...) are now handled correctly. Formerly, whether a sub returned by such a tied element would be treated as a sub depended on whether a FETCH had occurred previously.
• getc on a byte-sized handle after the same getc operator had been used on a utf8 handle used to treat the bytes as utf8, resulting in erratic behavior (e.g., malformed UTF-8 warnings).
• An initial { at the beginning of a format argument line was always interpreted as the beginning of a block prior to v5.18. In Perl v5.18, it started being treated as an ambiguous token. The parser would guess whether it was supposed to be an anonymous hash constructor or a block based on the contents. Now the previous behaviour has been restored. [perl #119973]
• In Perl v5.18 undef *_; goto &sub and local *_; goto &sub started crashing. This has been fixed. [perl #119949]
• Backticks (= `` = or = qx// =) combined with multiple threads on Win32 could result in output sent to stdout on one thread being captured by backticks of an external command in another thread. This could occur for pseudo-forked processes too, as Win32’s pseudo-fork is implemented in terms of threads. [perl #77672]
• open $fh, ">+", undef no longer leaks memory when TMPDIR is set but points to a directory a temporary file cannot be created in. [perl #120951]
• = for ( $h{k} || ) = no longer auto-vivifies $h{k}. [perl #120374]
• On Windows machines, Perl now emulates the POSIX use of the environment for locale initialization. Previously, the environment was ignored. See ENVIRONMENT in perllocale.
• Fixed a crash when destroying a self-referencing GLOB. [perl #121242]